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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pulmonary circuit fx |
carries blood to and from gas exchange surfaces of lungs |
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systematic circuit fx |
carries blood to and from the body |
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Ateries fx |
carries blood away from the heart |
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Vein fx |
Carries blood to the heart |
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Cappilaries fx |
networks found in between vein and arteries |
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Cappilaries are also called _________ |
exchange vessel |
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Hpw many chambers of the heart are there? and what are their fx |
4 chambers right atrium: collecting blood from the systematic circuit right ventricle: pumps blood to pulmonary circuit left atrium: collects blood from the pulmonary circuit left ventricle: pumps blood to the systematic circuit |
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where are the veins and arteries located in the heart ? |
Base of the heart |
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the heart is surrounded by what ? |
pericardial sac |
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the pericardial sac is made of what kind of tissue |
fibrous callogen fibers |
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where is the heart located in respects to the body |
mediastinum |
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the pericardial cavity found where and what is found in the cavity itself |
between parietal and visceral layers contains pericardial fluid |
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the pericardial sac is made up of ____ |
fibrous tissue and stabilizes heart |
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what is the function of the pericardial fluid ? |
decrease friction |
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thin walled and expandable |
auricle |
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•dividesatria and ventricles |
Coronary sulcus |
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•Separateleft and right ventricles •posterior interventricular sulcus |
Anterior interventricular sulcus •Containblood vessels of cardiac muscle |
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name the parts of the heart wall |
epicardium myocardium endomycardium |
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epicardium,myocardium, endocardium, chacracteristcs |
epicardium: covers the heart -myocardium: atrial mycaridum wraps around great vessels -endomycardium: simple squamos epithelium |
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fx of intercalated discs |
interconnect cardiac muscle cells convey force contraction propagate action potentials |
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Charactersitcs of cardiac muscle cells |
1.Smallsize 2.Single,central nucleus 3.Branchinginterconnections between cells4.Intercalateddiscs |
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separatesatria |
Interatrial septum |
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•separatesventricles |
Interventricular septum |
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what is associated with The Right Atrium |
•Superior vena cavacolor •Inferior vena cava •Coronary sinus foramen ovale |
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•Superior vena cava recieves blood vena cava |
blood from the head,neck and upper limbs and chest |
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Inferior Vena Cava does what |
recieves blood from trunk viscera and lower limbs |
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•Coronary sinus does what |
opens into the right atrium cardiac vein return blood to coronary sinus |
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function of foraman ovale |
opening interatrial septum connects 2 atria seals off at birth forming fossa ovalis |
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the muscles in the right atrium are called |
pectinate msucles |
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the right AV valves is called the |
tricuspid valve |
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the musclular ridges on internal surface |
•Trabeculae carneae |
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•Bloodleaves left ventricle through ______in to __________ |
aortic valves adominal aorata |
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•Ascendingaorta turns______ andbecomes ______ |
aortic arch thoracic aorta |
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blood supply to the heart |
coronary circulation |
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coronary arteriies orginate from |
aortic sunuses |
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right coronary ateries supplies blood to ____ |
marginal arteries and then the posterior intervetricular artery |
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•Left Coronary Artery supplies blood to |
left ventricle, left atrium interventricular septum |
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2 branches of left cornonary artery |
circumflex and anterior interventricular artery |
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•Arterial Anastomoses |
interconnect ant and post interventricular arteries stabilize blood supply |
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____________ drains blood into cornoary sinus ______________empty into right atrium ______________,___________,_______ empty into gcv or cornary sinus |
greater cardiac vein anterior cardia veins posterior cardiac vein,middle carediac vein,small cardiac vein |
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external, medial,internal inner portion of an artery |
tunica externa,tunica medla,endothelial tssue |
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What is Coronary heart disease |
partial or complete blockage of cornonary circulation |
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what is Coronary ischemia |
artery blocked and blood supply is lowered |
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first symptom of CAD |
chest pain and decrease of coronary ciruclation |
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what is angina pectoris |
most common start of CAD emotion stress can produce pressure in chest |
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what is a Myocardial infraction |
aka heart attack occurs in patients with extremme cases of CAD |
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what damages come out from a myocardial infraction |
heart may stop beating and side affects can be cardia arrythmias |
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What is cornonary thrombosis |
blood clot in the coronary arteries |
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how can heart attacks be diagnosed |
using a ecg and blood studies |
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treatment of CAD and mycardial infraction |
atherectomy |
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what is •Atherectomy |
slendercatheterinserted into a coronary artery to the plaque |
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when a heart beat happens what is the sequence of the heart beating |
Atria then verntricles |
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what are the 2 type of cardiac muscle cells |
conducting sytem: controles heartbeat contractile cells produce contraction |
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the cardiac cycle begins with AP at ________ |
SA Node |
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the SA node is called what? |
pacemaker cell |
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where is the SA node located |
right atrium |
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a normal heartbeat is how many BPM |
75 |
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SA node generates __________beats per minute |
80-100 |
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__________ slows heart rate |
parasympathetic |
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Av node generates how bpm??? |
40-60 |
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bradycardia is what kind of condition |
abnormally slow heart rate |
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tachycardia is what kind of heart rate |
abnormally fast |
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what is ectopic pacemaker? |
disrupt ventricular contractions abnormal |
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define what the P wave, QRS complex and T waves tell about the heart |
P wave: atria depolarize QRS complex ventricle depolarize T wave: ventricles repolarize |
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resting potential of the vernticular cell and the atrial cell |
-90 vent -80 atrial |
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Absoluterefractory period |
•Long •Cardiacmuscle cells cannot respond |
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Relativerefractory period |
•Short •Responsedepends on degree of stimulus |
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_____percent of calcium ions required for contraction |
20 |
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what kind of energy does the heart use |
aerobic NRG |
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Aerobic NRG breaks down _______ and ______ |
fatty acids and glucose |
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Cardiac muscle store _______ in ________- |
oxygen, myogoblin |
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what are the 2 phases of cardiac cycle |
stystole(contraction)120/diastolic(relaxtion)80 |
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•Ventriclescontain maximum blood volume |
end-diastolic volume |
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Amountof blood ejected is called |
stroke voulume |
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is it better to have a high heart beat or a low |
high because thresohold of ventricles are increase |
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ventricles contain _________ about _____ percent of EDV |
end-systolic volume (ESV, 40 |
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end of dilation you want what> |
high diastolic volume ventricle at full capacity |
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loud heartbeats are produced by what??? |
s1: AV valves s2: semilunar valves |
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Softsounds are produced by what |
•Bloodflow into ventricles and atrial contraction produced by regurgitation through valves |
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what is a heart murmur |
blood is backflowing |
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caridiodynamics is what> |
•movementand force generated by cardiac contractions> |
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how do you find stroke volume |
SV=EDV-ESV |
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lower EDV means what? |
higher stroke volume |
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how do you find ejection fraction |
•percentageof EDV represented by SV |
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factors affecting hear rate: |
autonomic /hormones |
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factors affecting stroke voulume |
EDV/ESV |
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Cardiac ouput is solved with |
HR xSV |
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cardiac center monitors what ?? |
BP and O2 and CO2 |
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flibitis |
inflamation of veins of legs |
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thromboflibbitis |
clots in the vein |
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HR effected by these hormones |
epinephrine ,noreepinephrine,thyrod hormone |
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frank starling principple |
EDV increase = SV increase |
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if ESV is high SV is what? if esv is low SV is what |
low high |
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cont is high esv is _______ cont is low esv is ________ |
low high |
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EDV control what |
filling time and venous return |
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ESV controls what |
preload contractility ,afterload |
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Cardiac reserve |
differnce between restion and max cadriac output |
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Whatare the tunicas? |
1.Tunicaintima 2. Tunicamedia 3. Tunicaexterna |
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arteries do what |
carry blood away from heart |
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arterioles |
smallest branches of arteries |
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Capillaries |
smallest blood vessels |
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venules |
collect bllod from capillaries |
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veins |
return blood to the heart |
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Largest blod vessels are _______ |
Vena cava Aorta |
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Capillaries that support the tissue ofblood vessels |
Vasa vasorum |
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What is different from a vein and an artery |
veins are absent of elastic mebrane veins have valves |
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Whatis an elastic artery and a muscular artery |
Elastic arteries have less muscle tissue more elastic (conducting arteries)
Musculartissue less elastic and moresmooth muscle ( distribution ateries) |
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the characteristics of arterioles |
small have little to no tunica exerna thin or incomplete tunica media |
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what is an aneurysm |
bulge in arterial wall over 6cm need surgery |
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what are veins missing? |
missing elastic lamina |
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cappillaries do what kinda of exhcange |
gas exhcange |
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cappilary lacks what structures? |
no media and externa |
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Fx of continous cappilaries |
permit diffusion of water cartillage is avascular |
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fenestrated cappilaries |
permit rapid exchange of water and larger solutes |
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plasma protein albumin are made in ???? |
liver |
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what do continuous capillaries dont have ? |
no LRG openings |
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precappilary sphincter fx |
before cappilary bed, guards entracnce to each cappilary |
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heart arteries and cappilaries ___________%blood voulume |
30-35 |
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venous system __________% of BV and ______is larger |
60-65, lumen |
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__________: the Difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure |
•Pulsepressure |
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•what does MAP mean??? and MAP = ______________ + _________________ |
•Meanarterial pressure(MAP)•MAP =diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure |
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what are the characteristics of hypertension and hypotension |
hyper 140/90 hypo abnormally low HR |
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roel of lymphatic system |
protects us against disease |
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how is lymph made? |
The lymph is formed when the interstitial fluid is collected through lymph capillaries |
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what is red pulp and white pulp |
red contains blood cells white resemenbles lymphoid nodules |
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functions of the spleen |
remove abnormal RBC store ironc recycled rbc iniation of immune response by b cells and T cells |
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types of lymphocytes |
thymus t cells bone marrow B cells NK: natural killer cells |
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lymphoid organs |
lymph nodes thymus spleen |
