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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Imaginary audience
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an observer who exists only in an adolescent's mind and is concerned with the adolescent's thoughts and actions as the adolescent is, watching them constantly, focus of everyone's attention
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Personal fable
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Elkind's term for the conviction that one is special, unique, and what happens to them is shared by no one else in the world
-sense of uniqueness, invulnerability, exceptional |
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self concept
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belief about what you're like as a person, traits, ability to evaluate aspects of self, evaluate views of others
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self-esteem
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liking who you are
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Adolescent egocentrism
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self-absorption where world is seen only from own perspective, overly concerned with own thoughts and feelings, highly critical of authority figures
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Piaget's Stage of Formal Operations
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ability to reason abstractly, hypothetical deductive reasoning, language development
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Postformal thought
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goes beyond Piaget's formal operations, can shift back and forth between abstract reasoning and practical considerations
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Information Processing Model
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advances in the way we take in, use, and store information, caused by the growth of metacognition or our ability to monitor our own way of thinking
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Information Processing Model
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decision making and critical thinking- increases in both
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Identity vs. Identity Confusion
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Erikson's fifth stage, adolescent seeks to develop a coherent sense of self, including the role he or she is to play in society, depend less on adults or parents
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Psychological Moratorium
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the period during which adolescents take time off from upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore other roles
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James Marcia's Stages of Identity Development
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Identity statuses, crisis, commitment
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Identity achievement
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commitments made after passing through identity crisis; exploring alternatives, commitment of self-chosen values, maturity
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Identity moratorium
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delaying or holding pattern; process of exploration, prolonged, unresolved conflict, desire to find values/goals to guide life
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Identity foreclosure
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commitments made without much decision making, decisions made by parents, do not explore alternatives, accept ready-made identities
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Identity diffusion
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not committed to values and goals, explore options but no commitment, lack of clear direction
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Pluralistic society model
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the belief that diverse cultural groups should try to preserve their cultural features/ identity
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Bicultural Identity model
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minority groups in the US should draw from their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant American culture
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Crowds
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large groups of people who share certain characteristics but many do not interact with one another
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Cliques
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two to 12 people whose members interact socially
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Gisela Labouvie-Vief's Research
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postformal thought, thinking changes qualitatively in early adulthood, society requires specialty of though acquired through practical experiences, moral judgments, and values
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Post formal thought
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ability to think both practically and abstractly, solutions must be realistic, more personal, integrative
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Dialectical Thought
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looks at contradictory possibilites, values argument, counterargument, and debate, contradictions are resolved through rational discussions
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Multiple Thinking
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belief that more than one opinion can be correct but have no means of evaluation, more than one cause and more than one solution
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K. Warner Schaie
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stage approach, uses of intellect within social context, has five stages: Acquisitive, Achieving, Responsible, Executive, Reintegrative
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Acquisitive stage
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all childhood and adolescence, main developmental task is acquiring information and skills largely for their own sake, preparation for participation in society
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Achieving Stage
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early adult stage, main cognitive development stage: intelligence is applied to specific situations involving attainment of long-term goals, knowledge is used to gain competence and independence
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Responsible Stage
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late early adultgood into Middle Adulthood, use mind to solve problems, apply cognitive skills to their personal situations, including protecting and nourishing their spouses, families, and careers
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Executive Stage
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later middle adulthood, people take a broader perspective than earlier, including concerns about the world, deal with complex relationships on multiple levels, try to find purpose in society
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Reintegrative Stage
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older adulthood, focus is on tasks that have personal meaning, adults entering retirement reorganize lives around nonwork-related activities
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Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
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experiential element, contextual element, componential element
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Experiential element
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creative insight, prior experience, ability to cope with new situations
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Contextual element
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practical intelligence, watching others and modeling behavior, tacit knowledge or common sense
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Componential element
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analytical intelligence, analyze data in problem solving, uses previously-learned information
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emotional intelligence
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skills that help in the regulation and expression of emotions, ability to relate to others, understanding, responsive to needs of others
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practical intelligence
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watching others and modeling behavior
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creativity
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peaks in early adulthood, people will take risks, develop and endorse ideas that are unfashionable, combine responses or ideas in novel ways
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social clock
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culturally determined, psychological clock, records major milestones in a person's life in comparison to peers
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Erik Erikson Intimacy vs. Isolation
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period of adolescence into early 30s that focuses on developing close relationships with others
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Erikson's Stage of Isolation
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those who experience difficulties are lonely and isolated, failure may stem from earlier failure to develop strong identity
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Types of love
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romantic, companionate
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Romantic love
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anything that causes strong emotions, state of powerful absorption in someone
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Companionate love
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strong affection we have for those with who our lives are deeply involved
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
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patterns of love hinge on the balance among three elements: intimacy, passion, and commitment
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Passion component
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motivational drives relating to sex, physical closeness, and romance; can be possessive, Song of Solomon, o
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Intimacy Component
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feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness, emotional, has best friend quality
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Commitment Component
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cognitive and willful side of love triangle, looks toward future, loving for the person
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Decision/ Commitment component
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embodies both intial cognition that one loves another person and the longer term determination to maintain that love
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Nonlove
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occurs in absence of all three components
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Liking
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develops only when intimacy is present, closeness, understanding
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Infatuation
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passion is only component present, strong physical and sexual attraction
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Empty love
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commitment is only component present, arranged marriages
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Romantic love
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occurs when both intimacy and passion are present, drawn to each other and bonded emotionally
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Companionate love
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when intimacy and decision/commitment are present
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Fatuous love
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exists when passion and decision/commitment are present without intimacy
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Consummate love
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all three components are present, easier to hold onto
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Homogamy
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the tendency to marry someone who is similar to age, race, education, religion, and other basic demographic characteristics
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Marriage gradient
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tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status, and women marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status
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Ginzberg's Career Choice Theory
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fantasy period- until about 11 years, do not consider skills, abilities, availability
tentative period- adolescence- begin to compare requirements and own abilites realistic period- early adulthood- consider specific career options |
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John Holland's Personality Type Theory
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a career choice is an expression of one's personality
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Realistic career choices
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active, stable, enjoys hands-on or manual activities; prefers to work with things rather than ideas and people
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Investigative
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uses intelligence, ideas, words, and symbols to deal with environment
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Artistic
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create art forms, prefer musical, artistic, literary, and dramatic vocations, musician
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Social
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humanistic, idealistic, responsible, concerned for welfare of others; teacher, counselor, social worker
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Enterprising
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ambitious, adventurous, socialable, self-confident; sales, business executive, manager
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Conventional
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efficient, careful, conforming, organized, conscientious; secretary, accountant, banker
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Extrinsic motivation
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external rewards such as money, status, recognition
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Intrinsic motivation
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internal rewards such as feeling of fulfillment, satisfaction
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Autonomy
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self-governing
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metacognition
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the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes, and their ability to monitor their cognition
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