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116 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the social institution that guides a society’s decision making about how to live
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Politics
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large organization that directs the political life of society
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Government
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social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services
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Economy
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the ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance
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Power
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economic system in which the means of producing goods and services are privately owned, People are pursuing self-interest, not the common good, are highly productive with a high standard of living,supports lay-offs, benefits some more than others, and results in concentrated wealth -> concentrated power
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Capitalism
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people buy and sell according to supply and demand in a free-market environment
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market competition
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Without or with minimum government interference
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laissez-faire
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economic system n which the means of producing goods and services are collectively owned, o Government limits the right of individuals to own productive property, government owns and operates factories and offices, Everyone is expected to work as a matter social responsibility, Far less economic inequality then capitalist systems because everyone is poor
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Socialism
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government works closely with large private companies and owns tv, telephone, and airlines
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State capitalism
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Economic production is private, but extensive government welfare system (high taxes) for childcare, medical care, housing, etc.
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Welfare capitalism
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a political system in which power is exercised by the people as a whole
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Democracy
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a political system that denies popular participation in government, Some are run by military, others have elections but with only one party
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Authoritarian
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a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation
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Monarchy
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the economic and political life of a nation or a region of the world
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Political economy
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business with a legal existence, including rights and liabilities apart from those of their members
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corporations
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domination of an entire market by a single company
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Monopoly
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Carnegie Steel, Rockefeller Oil, J.P. Morgan Banking
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Robber Barons
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Broke up Rockefeller, later broke up AT&T, Microsoft
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1890 Sherman Anti-trust Act
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domination of a market by a few corporations
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Oligopoly
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giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations
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Conglomerates
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networks or people who serve as directors of several corporations at the same time
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Interlocking directorates
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political alliances of people interested in some economic or social issue (AARP, NRA)
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Special Interest Groups
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efforts of special interest groups a d their representatives to influence government officials
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Lobbying
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organizations formed by special interest groups to raise and spend money in support of political goals
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Political Action Committees
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Bundle personal checks from individual donors, high priced fund raising dinners
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soft money
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amount of people that vote
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50%
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arguments why voting is low
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indifference, alienation
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people are pretty much happy with the way things are so they don’t really pay attention
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indifference
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dissatisfied, but don’t think they can make a difference
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alienation
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income of voters
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high
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race of voters
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white
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gender of voters
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both tend to be the same but they vote along gender lines
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vote democratic on compassion issues
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women
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vote republican and want tough on crime and defense
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men
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rule by many, pluralist model
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functionalism
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power is widely distributed, compete in a democratic way, everyone has some voice
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pluralist model
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rule by few, C. Wright Mills - power elite model, Marx - capitalist political economy
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Social conflict
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power is concentrated
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C. Wright Mills – The Power-Elite Model
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capitalism is the root cause and should be eliminated
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Marx – Capitalist Political Economy
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a sense of pride and accomplishment, income
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what work gives us
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producing raw materials
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primary sector
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turning these raw materials into finished products – factory workers
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secondary sectory
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The Great Depression forced a rethinking of the causes of poverty and who are ‘the poor’
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1930s
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World War II led to great prosperity for most everyone, Suburbanization, problems in the cities
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1940s and 1950s
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people moved out of the cities and commuted
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Suburbanization
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Move to the tertiary sector, A shift from ‘blue collar’ industrial jobs to ‘white collar’ service jobs
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Information Revolution
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workers moved to the ‘secondary sector’, massive move from rural to city drained populations in much of the country, People needed jobs
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Industrial Revolution
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service work
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tertiary sector
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doctors, lawyers, professors – well paid, high prestige, economic security
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Professionals
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low paying jobs with little advancement (secretarial)
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pink collar
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decline of industrial production in the US since about 1950
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Deindustrialization
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expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard for national borders. Good for corporations, bad for ‘rank and file’ workers
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Globalization
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work breaks into two main categories, Primary Labor Market, Secondary Labor Market
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Dual Labor Market
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occupations that provide good pay and extensive benefits
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Primary Labor Market
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change from Industrial to Information/Service, Legislative changes
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decreased danger of working
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little control over what we do or how we do it
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Powerlessness
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the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness in the work
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Marx’s view on workplace alienation
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the depersonalization of the workplace and of society in general due to modern society’s rational focus on efficiency
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weber's view on workplace alienation
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historical change from tradition to rationality and efficiency as the typical way people think about the world
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Rationalization of Society
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Efficiency, Predictability, Uniformity, Controlling workers through automation
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Defining work in terms of four principles
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serving food quickly and easily
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Efficiency
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preparing everything using set formulas
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Predictability
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making products the same way over and over
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Uniformity
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keep human decision making to a minimum
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Controlling workers through automation
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simple steps, simplified with little satisfaction, predictable and repetitive, involves machines and computers, dehumanizing
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low-skilled jobs follow have these 5 characteristics
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you must register with agency and be actively seeking a job, 4-5% is ‘normal’, capitalism benefits
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Unemployment
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offers flexibility, but blurs the line between home and work
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Telecommuting
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worker organizations that seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies including collective bargaining and strikes
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Labor Unions
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All institutions are related – change in one means the others have to accommodate
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Functionalism
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• Investigates the meaning people attach to their job – why some look forward to going to work and others just want to punch out
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Symbolic-Interaction
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Capitalism concentrates wealth and power in the hands of a small elite
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Social-Conflict
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social institution that unites individuals in cooperative groups that care for members, regulate sexual relations, and oversee the bearing and raising of children
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Family
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social bond, typically based on blood, marriage, or adoption that join individuals into families
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kinship
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one or two parents and their children
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nuclear family
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parents and children, plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who often live close to one another and operate as a family unit
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extended family
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a lawful relationship, expected to be lasting, involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and usually childbearing
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marriage
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people with or without legal or blood ties who feel they belong together and wish to define themselves as family
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families of affinity
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sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
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cohabitation
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older parents may not be able to keep pace, but may have more time, money, and be more established
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later childbearing
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today’s marriages will end in divorce
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40%
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did away with the idea that one person was necessarily to blame for the collapse of a marriage
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no fault divorce
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divide property fairly, place children where they seem best off, determine child support
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‘irreconcilable differences’
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we hear about since custody is normally given to the mother
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‘deadbeat dads’
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which brought to light the so called ‘breakdown of the African American family’
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Moynihan Report
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adaptive structures to maintain family roles
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Fictive kin
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fine for decent income, but lack of decent care for working/poor classes, who may need it most
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Childcare
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home after school. May develop self-reliance, but are at a higher risk for problems with drugs, crime, sexual activity, etc.
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‘Latch-key’ kids
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families in which children live with some combination of biological parents and step-parents, Problems of making new bonds, abuse
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blended families
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test tube baby
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In Vitro Fertilization
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an arrangement by which one woman carries and bears a child for another, usually in exchange for money
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Surrogate Motherhood
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4 major tasks family fulfills
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Regulate reproduction – legitimate children to partners who are publicly committed, Secure setting for socialization of the young, Units of economic cooperation between husband and wife, Setting in which people receive affection and support
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Family is the most important unit of social organization
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Functionalism
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Experiences of Family Life
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Social Interaction
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Family operates to benefit some (husband) and disadvantage others (wife, kids)
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Social Conflict
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the family was to ensure legitimate heirs and support the class structure
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Engles
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social institution by which society transmits knowledge – including basic facts, job skills, and cultural norms and values – to its members
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Education
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formal instruction carried out by specially trained teachers
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Schooling
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mostly agrarian life, in which parents take primary responsibility for education, passing along knowledge needed for life
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Little schooling
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the ability to read, write, and do basic arithmetic
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literacy
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in many countries you have to go to school until a certain age by law
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Mandatory education laws
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Quitting before High School Graduation
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Dropping Out
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not being able to read and write or do basic arithmetic well enough to carry out daily responsibilities
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Functional Illiteracy
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stated segregation was acceptable so long as it was ‘separate but equal’
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Plessy v Ferguson
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struck down separate but equal, but with de facto segregation, there were (and are) questions of how to integrate
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Brown v Board of Education
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Bringing in kids from other neighborhoods
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Bussing
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inner city schools became worse, and schools are about as segregated now
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White Flight
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Public schools are funded by
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state and local taxes
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pool school taxes at the state level and redistribute on a per student basis
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‘Robin Hood’ Policy
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policy of assigning students to different education programs
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Tracking
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math and sciences
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men
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languages, arts, and social sciences
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women
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if students need to learn English, teach them English’
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English Immersion
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school offers classes in the students’ native language, while also teaching them English
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Bilingual Education
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required states to educate and as much as possible, treat disabled students like anyone else, while meeting their special needs
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975)
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integrating special students into the overall educational program
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Mainstreaming
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expelling for weapons, alcohol, drugs, etc.
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ero Tolerance
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