• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/60

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

60 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Organic Agriculture

Approach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.

Agriculture

The purposeful tending of crops and livestock in order to produce food and fiber.

Primary Economic Activity

Economic activity concerned with the direct extraction of natural resources from the environment-----such as mining, fishing, lumbering, and especially agriculture.

Secondary Economic Activity

Economic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector.

Tertiary Economic Activity

Economic activity associated with the provision services-----such as transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office based jobs.



Quarternary Economic Activity

Service sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.

Quinary Economic Activity

Service sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge of technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high level management.

Plant Domestication

Genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention.

Root Crop

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plant.

Seed Crop

Crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.

First Agricultural Revolution

Around 10,000 BC, the first agricultural revolution achieved plant domestication and animal domestication. It is also known as the Neolithic Revolution.

Animal Domestication

Genetic modification of an animal such that it is rendered more amenable to human control.

Subsistence Agriculture

Self-sufficient agriculture that is small scale and low technology and emphasizes food production for local consumption, not for trade.

Shifting Cultivation

Cultivation of crops in tropical forest clearings in which the forest vegetation has been removed by cutting and burning.

Slash-and-Burn Agriculture

See shifting cultivation.

Second Agricultural Revolution

Dovetailing with and benefiting from the industrial revolution, the second agricultural revolution witnessed improved methods of cultivation, harvesting, and storage of farm produce.

Von Thunen Model

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy. A process of spatial competition allocates various farming activities into rings around a central market city, with profit-earning capability the determining force in how far a crop locates from the market.

Third Agricultural Revolution

Also called the Green Revolution, the third agricultural revolution has its principal orientation the development of genetically modified organisms (GMO's)

Green Revolution

The recent successfully development of higher-yield, fast-growing varieties of rice and other cereals in certain developing countries, which led to increased production per unit area and a dramatic narrowing of the gap between population growth and food need.

Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO's)

Crops that have new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering method.

Rectangular Survey System

Also called the public land survey, the system was used by the US land office to parcel land west of the Appalachian Mountains. The system divides land into a series of rectangular parcels.

Township-and-range-system

A rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse evenly across farmlands of the US interior.

Metes and Bounds System

A system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. It is a system that relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees. Because of the imprecise nature of metes and bounds surveying, the US Land office abandoned the technique in the favor of the rectangular survey system.

Long-lot Survey System

Distinct regional approach to land surveying found in the Canadian Maritimes, parts of Quebec, Louisiana, and Texas whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers roads, or canals.

Primogeniture

System in which the eldest son in a family-----or, in exceptional cases, daughter-----inherits all of a dying parents land.

Commercial Agricultural

Term used to describe large scale farming and ranching operations that employ vast land bases, large mechanized equipment, factory type labor forces, and the latest technology.

Monoculture

Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.

Koppen Climate Classification System

Developed by Wladimir Koppen, a system for classifying the worlds climates on the basis of temperature and precipitation.

Climate Regions

Areas of the world with similar climatic characteristics.

Plantation Agriculture

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop. Almost all plantations were established within the tropics; in recent decades, man have been divided into smaller holdings or reorganized as cooperatives.

Livestock and Ranching

The raising of domesticated animals for the production of meat and other byproducts such as leather and wool.

Medditerranean Agriculture

Specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry summer medditerranean climate prevails.

Luxury Crops

Non subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco.

Agribusiness

General term of the businesses that provide the vast array of goods and services that support the agriculture industry.

Food Desert

An area characterized by a lack of affordable, fresh and nutritious food.

Cash Crops

Crops grown fro profit on a mass scale, such as cotton.

Agglomeration

...process involving the clustering or concentrating of people/activities. Often refers to manufacturing plants and business that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled labor pools and technological and financial amenities.

Break-of-Bulk Theory

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains, trucks, or perhaps smaller riverboats for inland distribution.


Commodification

The process through which something is given monetary value.

Deindustrialization


Process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment.

Flexible Production System

A system of industrial production characterized by a set of processes in which the components of goods are made in different places around the globe and then brought together as needed to meet consumer demand.

Fordist


A highly organized and specialized system for organizing industrial production and labor. Named after automobile producer Henry Ford, this type of production features assembly-line production of standardized components for mass consumption.

Friction of Distance

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance.

Global Division of Labor

Phenomenon whereby corporations and others can draw from labor markets around the world, made possible by the compression of time and space through innovation in communication and transportation systems.

Globalization

The expansion of economic, political, and cultural processes to the point that they become global in a scale of impact.

Growth Pole

...a point of economic growth, usually an urban location, benefiting from agglomeration economies, and interacting with surrounding areas spreading wealth from the core to the periphery.

Industrial Revolution

The term applied to the social and economic changes in agriculture, commerce and manufacturing that resulted from technological innovations and specialization in late-eighteenth-century Europe.

Intermodal Connections


Places where two or more modes of transportation meet (including air, road, rail, barge, and ship).

Just-in-Time Delivery

Method of inventory management made possible by efficient transportation and communication systems, whereby companies keep on hand just what they need for near-term production, planning that what they need for longer-term production will arrive when needed.

Least Cost Theory

Model developed by Alfred Weber according to which the location of the manufacturing establishments is determined by the minimization of three critical expenses: labor, transportation, and agglomeration.

Newly Industrialized Countries

States that underwent industrialization after WWII and whose economies have grown at a rapid pace.

Offshore

With reference to production, to outsource to a third party located outside of the country.

Outsourced


With reference to production, to turn over in part or in total to a third party.

Product Life Cycle

The production, growth, maturation, and decline of a product.

Rust Belt

...the post-industrial region of the Northeast and Midwest, referring to its economic decline, population loss, and urban decay due to the shrinking of its once powerful industrial sector.

Spatial Fix

The movement of production from one site to another based on the place based cost advantages of the new site.

Sun Belt

The South and Southwest regions of the United States.

Technopole


Centers or nodes of high-technology research and activity around which a high-technology corridor is sometimes established.

Vertical Integration

Ownership by the same firm of a number of companies that exist along a variety of pouts on a commodity chain.

World Trade Organization
Organization of 100+ governments who work to promote freer trade among member states.