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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give an example of a Divergent Boundary. Where is it located?
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Mid-Ocen Ridge in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Give an example of a Convergent Boundary.
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Himalayas.
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How many naturally occuring elements are there today?
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92
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Earthquakes are a result of what?
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Transform Boundaries.
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What orbits AROUND the nucleus? What kind of mass do they have.
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Electrons. Neglible mass.
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What makes the atomic number?
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Protons.
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What makes up the atomic mass?
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Protons and Neutrons.
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What is an isotope?
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An isotope is the same element with a different # of neutrons
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What is a stable isotope? Give examples.
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It will not decay spontaneously to a more stable (daughter) isotope. E.g. 12C, 13C
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What is a radioactive isotope? Give examples.
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It WILL decay spontaneously to a more stable (daugther) isotope. E.g. 14C, 238U, 222Ra
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______ can be a uranium rich bedrock.
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Granite.
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Which areas have a high concentration of Radon?
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Philadelphia, NY, NJ, CT
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Most minerals are composed of _________ elements bonded together otherwise known as ________. Give Examples.
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two or more; compounds; Quartz (Si and O) and Feldspar (KAlSiO3).
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Ionic Bonds are ?. What do they involve? Give examples.
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individual atoms held together by electronic attraction of opposite charge; Electron transfer. Na+ -----Cl-
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Covalent Bonds are ?. Give an example.
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Atoms bonded together by sharing MORE than TWO electrons. E.g. C
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A crystalline solid is an _______.
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Ordered, internal atomic arrangement
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For something to be mineral it must _______ and be ______.
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Occur Naturally; inorganic
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How many minerals have been indentified to date?
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more than 2000 minerals.
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98 % of the earth's crust is composed only of how many elements?
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8.
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Which elements are the most abundant on the continental crust?
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Si and O.
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Single Chain. Example.
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SiO4 tetrahedra(4 faces) share TWO O with adjacent tetrahedra. E.g. Pryroxene.
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Double Chain. Example.
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SiO4 tetrahedra share TWO or THREE oxygen with adjacent tetrahedra. E.g. Amphibole.
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Sheet (2-D) silicates. Example.
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SiO4 share 3 oxygen with adjacent tetrahedra. E.g. biotite, mica
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Framework (3-D) silicates. Examples.
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SiO4 tetrahedra share 4 oxygen with adjacent tetrahedra. E.g. Quartz, Feldspar
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What do oxides contain? Examples.
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Oxygen. Magnetite (Fe3O4) and Hematite (Fe2O3)
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What do carbonates react with (dissolved by)? What can this reaction lead to? Examples.
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Acid; sinkholes. C + O + other elements. E.g. Calcite and Dolomite.
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What is Sulfide made of? What enviromental problems can it cause? It is a major natural resource for _____. Examples.
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S + Metals. Acid Mine Drainage. Metal. E.g. Pyrite, Galena, Sphalerite.
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Name two important sources of Fe.
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Magnetite and Hematite.
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What are Sulfactes made of? What is it frequently used for? Give some examples.
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S + other elements. Consturction Materials. Anhydrite, Gypsum.
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What are Halides? Examples.
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Halogen elements (F,Cl, Br). E.g. Halite, Fluorite.
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What are native elements? Examples.
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Contain only ONE single element. Gold, Silver, Sulfur.
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What is crystal form?
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external shape reflection internal structure.
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In what direction does cleavage break?
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Direction of WEAK CHEMICAL bonding.
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What is hardness?
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Resistance to abrasion or scratching; hard materials can scratch soft materials.
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Fractures occur in Minerals with what type of chemical bonding?
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Uniform.
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What is the crystalline mineral structure?
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Minerals with consistent atomic order and regular internal structure.
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What is the amorphus mineral structure? Example.
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Lack of atomic order, random distribution of atoms . Glass.
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What is the Polymorphs mineral sturcure? Examples.
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Minerals with same chemical composition but different structures. E.g. Diamond (3-D) and Graphite (2-D)
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What hardness do gemstones need?
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Greater than 8.
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How do igneous rocks form?
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Form when molten magma ascends (originates at depth > 100 km) cools and solidifies.
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What are extrusive rocks?
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Igneous rocks that solidify on the surface. Have fine-grained crystals.
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What are intrusive rocks?
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Igneous rocks that solidify below the surface. Have coarse grain crystals.
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Aphanitic Texture
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Fine-grained, uniformed crystal size formed by rapid cooling.
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Phaneritic Texture
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Coarse grain, uniform crystal size formed by slow cooling.
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Porphyritic Texture
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Large crystals embedded in a matrix (groundmass) of small crystals.
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Andesite Porphry Texture
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Large Grained crystals dispersed in a fine-grained groundmass
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Vesicular Texture
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Spherical or Elongated holes or cavities
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What causes the voids in the vesicular texture? Example.
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trapped gass bubble. Pumice-light color; scoria-dark color
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Glassy Texture.
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Non-crystalline solids with glassy textures
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Give an example of the glassy texture and explain how it was formed.
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Obsidian; formed by rapid cooling of magma, rocks with fractures as broken glass
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Pyroclastic Texture. How is it formed?
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Fine ash + angular rock fragments (materials torn from the walls of volcanic vent). Formed by explosive volcanic eruption. e.g. volcanic breccia: particles > 2 cm
tuff: particle < 2 cm. |
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Mafic. High or Low viscosity? High or low density?
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45-52% SiO2. Low viscosity (flow easily). High density (contains more Fe, Mg)
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Intermediate (Andesitic). high or low viscosity? High or Low density?
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53-65% SiO2
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Felsic. high or low viscosity
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65% of Si02., very viscous and explosive. Low Density.
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Magma composition determines what?
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the mineralogy of an igneous rock.
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Bowen Reaction Series for Magma Crystallization
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Sequence of minerals crystallize from a cooling magma.
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Which minerals crystallize first?
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Minerals with a higher melting point.
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What does the Bowen Reaction Series do?
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Serves as the basis for the classification of igneous rocks.
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What are Rock pairs? Examples.
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a pair of rocks that have the same chemical composition but different texture.
Granite-Rhylolite -- Felsic Magma Diorite-Andesite -- Intermediate Magma Gabbra-Basalt -- Mafic Magma |
