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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine glands
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Secrete hormone products into bloodstream and interstitial fluid; secretory granules dispersed
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Exocrine glands
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Secretions are discharged onto the surface of the epithelium. Examples include enzymes entering the digestive tract, perspiration on the skin, milk produced by mammary glands
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Salivary glands
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Intercalated (intralobular) ducts --> straited (intralobular) ducts --> interlobular ducts; contain demilunes
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Pancreas
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Mixed endocrine and exocrine; acinar pt - secretes pancreatic juice; intercalated ducts and interlobular (No Striated); CCK stim enzyme secretion by acinar cells; secretin stim bicarbonate secretion into ducts; islets of langerhans produce insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
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Hydrophobic hormones
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Cross plasma memb and bind receptor in cytosol of nucleus; long term effects; steroids thyroids
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Hydrophilic hormones
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Don't cross plasm memb, bind surface receptor --> secondary messenger; short term effects; peptides, proteins, catecholamines
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Hypothalamus
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Small; tells pitu what to do; regulates essential activities; parvocellular neurons: TRH (TSH),CRH (ACTH), GnRH(FSH,LH), GRH (GH); magnocellular neurons: vasopressin (h2o reabsorption) and oxytocin (uterine contraction and milk let down)
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Posterior pitu
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Axons from magnocellular nerves; vasopressin (ADH) - concentrates urine; oxytocin: release at start of labor
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Anterior pitu
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Basophils: thyrotrophs (TSH - thyroid), corticotrophys (ACTH - adrenal cortex), gonadotrophys (FSH, LH); Acidophiols: somatotrophs (GH), lactotrophs (Prolactin); chromophobes; series of portal circulations with capillary plexuses allow hypothalamus to ctrl and ant pit to release hormones; feedback regulation (thyroid hormones tell hypothal and ant pitu to stop making TSH)
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Thyroid
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Highly vascularized; secretes T3 and T4 --> stim body metab; stores hormone as colloid (iodinated in RER); also produces calcitonin (decrease blood calcium)
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Parathyroid
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Parathyroid hormone: increase blood ca by stim osteoclasts
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Adrenal cortex
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Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone (increase salt resportion and water -> increase blood volume); zone fasciculata - glucocorticoids; zona retiularis - androgens
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Adrenal medula
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Inner pt; sympathetic NS; postganglionic sympathetic neurons (NC derived); secrete catecholamins (norepi and epi)
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Epidermis
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From ectoderm; stratified squamous epithelium; thin or thick; stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale; desmosomes and hemidesmosomes hold together
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Langerhans cell
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Macrophage like; ag recognizing; migrate to lymph nodes --> IR
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Basement membrane
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Epithelial tissue is attached to underlying tissue by this membrane. |
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Papillary dermis
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Uppermost dermis layer; loose connective tissue; collagen (I and III); elastic fibers; bv and sensory receptors
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Reticular dermis
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Thick collage (I) bundles; bv and lymphatics
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Meissner's corpuscles
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Touch; in pap dermis
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Pacinian corpuscles
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Pressure
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Merkel cells
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Assoc with nerve endings; unknown function
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Epimysium
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Fascia around skel muscle
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Fascicle
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Skel muscle bundle
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Perimysium
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Surrounds fascicle
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Endomysium
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Connective tissue of reticular fibers surrounding muscle cell
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Myofibrils
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Columns of sarcomeres
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Intercalated disks
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Region where adjacent cardiocytes interlock and where gap junctions permit the movement of ions and action potentials between cells |
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Endoneurium
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Axon surrounded by fine reticular fibers
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Perineurium
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Axons arranged in bundles (fascicles) surrounded by dense CT sheath; blood and nerve diffusion barrier
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Epineurium
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Surround entire nerve and fill space b'n fascicles; dense irreg CT; bvs
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Ganglia
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Collection of neuronal cell bodies and assoc axons and dendrites; in periphery
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Carilage
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Provides flexible support and smooth, tough articular surfaces for joins; during development --> bone models - hyaline
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Hyaline cartilage
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Articulating surfaces of most bones, tracheal rings, nasal and laryngeal cartilages and cartilage models of bones; type ii collagen
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Elastic cartilage
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In epiglottis, external ear, ear canal; type ii collagen
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Fibrocartialge
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Properties of bone and cart; forms intervertebral disks, some of symphyses; tendon insertions to bone; bundles of type I cart; round chondrocytes, less cellular, no perichondrium
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Chondrocytes
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Cartilage cells, in matrix in lacunae
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ECM
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Collagen, proteoglycans and GAGs; condroitin, condroitin sulfate
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Perichondrium
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Dense connective tissue surrounding Hyalin and elastic cartilage; provide cart nutrients
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Interstitial growth
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Cartilage grows from within
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Bone
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Provides strong, rigid support and protection; stores Ca, P; marrow cavity contains hematopoetic cells; type I collage; can be compact or spongy (meshwork of trabeulae); highly vascular
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Osteocytes
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High mineral content - hydroxyapatite crytals - Ca and P
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Lamellae
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Concentric layers with bone unit
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Periosteum
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Dense connective tissue surround bone
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Endosteum
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Lining of inside surface; single layer flattened cells
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Osteoprogenitor cells
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Mesenchymal origin; become osteoblasts; when inactive, in periosteum and endosteum
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Osteocytes
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Bone cells; surrounded by mineralized matrix
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Osteoblasts
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Synth and secrete osteoid (bone matrix)
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Osteoclasts
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Multinucleated; phagocytic; from bone marrow; break dwn matrix by lysosomal action; in Howship's Lacuna
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Haversian systems
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Columns of bone = osteons
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Haversian canal
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b.v. and nerves surrounded by haversian system
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Volkamans' canals
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Interconnect haversian canals; contain b.v. and nerves
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Canaliculi
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Fine processes from osteocytes extending laterall; difusion of subst from Haversian canal --> lacunae
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Oppositional growth
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Remodel bone; osteoclast reabposrb on preexisting surfaces, osteoblasts build off surfaces
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Intramembranous ossification
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Flat bones of skull; form within mesenchym; mesencymal cells --> osteoblasts --> secrete osteoid --> calcifies --> other mesenchyme forms marrow
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Endochondrial ossification
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Hyaline cart models form from mesenchyme; continues to grow --> gets to size where nutrients can't be supplied by diffusion alone; hypertrophy and degeration; calcifcation vone collar formation; collar penetrated by nutrient artery periosteal buds; bring in osteoprog cells, hematopoietic tissue and osteoclasts --> marrow cavities and haversian syst
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Epiphyseal plate
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Growth continues at ends of long bones
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Increase blood calcium
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Parathyroid hormone; stim osteoclasts
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Vitamin d
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Important for ca absorption
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Connective tissue
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Cells dispersed in extracellular matrix; provide support, nutrition, storage, and immune defense; can be loose or dense (irreg or reg) adipose elastic hematopoetic mucous cartilage bone reticular tissue
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ECM
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Lots of water, vascular, made of amorphous ground substance and fibrous proteins
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Ground substance
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Hydrated gel, resist compression and permits exchange of wastes, components secreted by connective tissue cells (fibroblasts); contains structural glycoproteins
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Fibronectin
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Fastens components of ECM to eachother and to cnnective tissues; binding domains for collage, proteoglycans, integrins
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Laminin
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Adhesive glycoprotein in basement memb
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Glycosaminoglycans
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GAGs; long, unbranched sugars made uf repeating disaccharide units; sulfated GAGs - (everything but hyaluronic acid) covalently attach to proteins to form proteoglycans
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Proteoglycans
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Protein core with sulfated GAGS sticking off (bottle brush); can attach to hyaluronic acid with liner proteins --> form proteoglycan aggregates
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Elasin
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Arranged as sheets (elastic lamina); in elastic arteries, elastic fibers; desmosine, isodesmosin and glycine help elastinn fold and retain structure
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Collagens
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Most abundant prot in ECM; tropocollagen (triple helix with 3 alpha chains containing hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline); vitamin C reqiured for hydroxylation of lysine and proline (without --> scurvy); have terminal sequences so procollagen is soluble --> doesn't gum up cell memb; tropocollagen associates to form collagen fibrils; collagen fibrils aggregate to form collagen fibers
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4 collagen types
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I-synth by fibroblasts and osteoblasts, forms thick bundles, resists tension, found in dermis, tendon, ligament, bone capsules; II-synth by chondroblasts; forms fibrils, not bundles; resists pressure; =hyaline cart, elastic cart; III-reticular cells produce retiular fibers = fine and delicate; provides structural framework; in lymphatic cardio spleen liver lung skin; IV - epithelial cells muscle cells and schwann cells produce; found in basal lamina; support, filtration
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Mesenchymal originating connective tissue cells
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Stable, long lived resident cells; fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes
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Hematopoetic origin CT cells
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From bone marrow; numbers vary depending on conditions; macrophages, mast cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, neutrophils, eosinophils
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Fibroblasts
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Synthesize collagen, major cell type of DCT; dark nuclei in Dense CT
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Myofibroblasts
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Fibroblasts with abundance of contractile proteins; wound contraction
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Adipocytes
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Store and release triglycerides; respond to hormones (leptin); adipose tissue; chicken wire
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Mast cells
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Acute inflam response; adjacent to bvs and in loose CT of mucousal surfaces (lam propria); contain granules with histamine (vasodilator and chemotactic); degran in response to trigger; =large, red granules, 1 central nuclei (like sunny side up egg)
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Macrophages
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Phagocytic; pt of mononuclear phagocyte syst; derived from monocytes; in blood; abundant where chronic inflam; (kupffer - liver, alveolar - lungs, langerhans - epiderm); india ink - see phagocytosed; on EM -unclear boundary
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Lymphocytes
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Major cells of imm syst; t cells - cell mediated immunity; b cellss - humoral imm responses; found in lamina propria of mucosal surface; =blue buttons, thin rim cytoplasm
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Plasma cells
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Differentiate from b cells; make and secrete immunoglobulins, accentricnucleus, clocklike chromatin, lots cytoplasm
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Neutrophils
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PMN; most abundant circulating cells; phagocytose bact in tissue and release chem mediators; self destruct and form pus; 3 lobed nucleus in blood vessels
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Eosinophils
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Enter tissue in allergic rxn and prasitic inf; phagocytose/dump granules; limit IR, lots in kids with asthma; =granules and bilobed nucleus
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5 signs of inflammation
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Heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function
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Acute inflam response
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Vascular - early mediators, vasodilation, increased perm of bv, -->exudation (escape of fluid to extracell spce), extravasation(leukocytes out of bv); chemotaxis; cell - bact--> neutrophils; allergic --> eosinophils
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All Living Things Display what traits? |
-Responsiveness to their immediate environment -Growth -Reproduction -Movement -Metabolism |
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Epithelium
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Continuous sheets of cells tightly joined to eachother with little intervening intercellular substance; covers surfaces, lines cavities, forms glands, defines compartments; all 3 germ layers contribute
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Tight junctions
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Adhesion belt forms continuous seal between apical end of one cell and apical of next that encircles cells. Bound together by interlocking membrane proteins. regulated by toxins, cytokines, etc; determines what cell can take up/what can go b/n cells
Inferior to tight junctions |
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Zonula adherens
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Mechanical attachment between cells; like velcro; attach to intermediate filaments to actin skeleton of cell
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Desmosomes
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plasma membranes of two cells are locked together by CAMs and proteoglycans between the opposite dense areas of each cell. Each dense area is linked to the cytoskeleton by a network of intermediate filaments. |
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Hemidesmosomes
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Resemble half disc of desmosomes. Reinforce attachment of basal surface of cell to underlying basal lamina through intermediate filaments. Found between skin cells-reason why damaged skin peels rather than comes off as powder
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Focal adhesions
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Attach extracellular matrix to basal surface; anchor actin filaments of cytoskeleton to basal lamina using integrins (adhesion molecs)
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Gap junctions
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Held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons.
Most abundant in cardiac muscle and smooth muscle tissues. Essential to muscle contractions. Also seen in ciliated epithelia |
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Laminin
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Glycoprotein component of basal lamina; lamina rara, lamina densa
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Basal lamina
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Extracell structure formed by epithelial cells; collagen (IV); proteoglycans, laminin; attaches epith to connective tissues; orients epith; selective barrier; regenerates
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Microvilli
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Specialization of plasma memb; actin core (clump dots in middle in crosssection); functions in absorption
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Cillia
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Specialization of plasma memb; assoc with mov't; longer than microvilli and have basal bodies (line at base); tubulin core (9 and 2 arrangement)
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Glycocalyx
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Sugar coating around microvilli
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Terminal bars
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Dots between cells on light microscope; =junctional complex (tight junction and zonula adherins)
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Basal infoldings
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On basal surface; Lots of mitochondria, associated with active transport OUT of cells
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Neoplasias
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Tumors
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Squamous metaplasia
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Process by which 1 differentiated tissue changed to another, more protective type; ex - in smokers pseudostrat columnar epith of trachea changes to strat squamous
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Avascular |
Without a blood vessel Epithelial cells must obtain nutrients across their attached surface from deeper tissues or across their exposed surfaces. |
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Functions of Epithelia |
Provide physical protection Control Permeability Provide Sensation Produce Specialized Secretions (gland cells) |
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Define Anatomy |
"A Cutting Open" The study of internal and external structure and the physical relationships between body parts |
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Define Physiology |
Study of how living organisms carry out their vital functions |
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Gross Anatomy |
Also Macroscopic anayomy, considers features visible with the unaided eye. Includes Surface Anatomy and Regional Anatomy |
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Two Types of Gross Anatomy |
-Surface anatomy considers all the superficial and internal features in a specific region of the body -Systemic anatomy considers the structure of major organ systems |
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Microscopic Anatomy |
Concerns structures that we cannot see without magnification Includes Cytology and Histology |
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Cytology |
Analyzes the internal structure of individual cells |
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Histology |
Examines tissues, group of specialized cells, and cell products that work together to carry out specific functions |
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Special Physiology |
the study of the physiology of specific organs, ie renal or cardiac physiology |
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Pathological Physiology/Pathology |
the study of the effects of diseases on organ or system functions |
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Levels of organization |
Chemical level Cellular level Tissue level Organ level Organ system level Organism level |
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Homeostasis |
Stable internal environment. Homeostatic regulation refers to adjustments in physiological systems that preserve homeostasis |
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Homeostatic regulation usually involves: |
A receptor that is sensitive to a particular environmental change or stimulus A control/integration center which receives and processes information from the receptor An effector, a cell or organ that responds to the commands of the control center and whose activity opposes or enhances the stimulus |
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Integumentary system |
Protects against environmental hazards helps control body temperature provides sensory information |
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The Muscular System |
Provides movement Protection and support for other tissues Produces heat |
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The skeletal system |
Provides support Protects tissues Stores minerals Forms blood cells |
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The Nervous System |
Directs immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems, provides and interprets sensory information about internal and external conditions |
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The Endocrine system |
Directs long-term changes in activities of other organ systems |
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The Cardiovascular system |
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, oxygen, and carbon dioxide |
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The lymphatic system |
Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream |
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The Respiratory system |
Delivers air to sites in the lungs where gas exchange occurs between the air and bloodstream, produces sound for communication |
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The Digestive system |
Processes food and absorbs nutrients |
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The Urinary system |
Eliminates waste products from the blood, controls water balance by regulating the volume of urine produced |
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The reproductive system |
Produces male and female sex cells and hormones, supports embryonic and fetal development from fertilization to birth |
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Negative feedback loop |
A variation outside normal limits triggers an automatic response that corrects the situation, ie thermoregulation |
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Positive feedback loop |
An initial stimulus produces a response that reinforces a stimulus, ie blood clotting and labor |
