Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
significant digits
multiplying and dividing |
leading-precede non-zero don't count
captive-count trailing-sometimes do, sometimes don't |
|
|
significant digits
addition and subtraction |
same decimal place as the smallest one. limiting term
|
|
|
temperature conversions
Kelving |
Tk=Tc + 273.15
|
|
|
temperature conversions
Celsius |
Tc= (Tf--32) * 5/9
|
|
|
temperature conversions
Fahrenheit |
Tf= Tc * 5/9 + 32
|
|
|
matter
|
anything that occupies space and that has mass. different levels of organization
|
|
|
states
|
solids have rigid fixed volume, mass
liquids have different volume but have the shape of container gases have no fixed volume or shape |
|
|
heterogeneous mixture
|
DISTINGUISHABLE
|
|
|
homogeneous mixture
|
INDISTINGUISHABLE
|
|
|
pure substance
|
constant composition, can get to nearly pure form
|
|
|
physical change
|
change of form from boiling or freezing
|
|
|
distillation
|
separating the components of a mixture, depends on volatility (how easily it becomes a gas)
|
|
|
filtration
|
mixture separation with liquid and solid mesh, filter paper
|
|
|
chromatography
|
separation with a mixture that has two phases--stationary and mobile. the stationary is when the mixture is a solid, and the mobile occurs as a liquid or gas
|
|
|
compound
|
constant composition
|
|
|
element
|
not decomposable
|
|
|
chemical change
|
new substance with different properties
|
|
|
law of conservation of mass
|
mass is neither created nor destroyed
|
|
|
law of definite proportion
|
compound contains same proportion of elements by mass
|
|
|
law of multiple proportions
|
two elements form a series of compounds, ratios of second element that combine with one gram can be reduced to smaller whole number.
|
|
|
Dalton's Atomic Theory
|
Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms.
Atoms of same elements are identical; atoms different element are different. Chemical compounds are combination of different atoms. Any given compound will have the same relative ratio of combination. Chemical reactions involve reorganization to change in bonding. Atoms are unchanged |
|
|
Avogadro's hypothesis
|
At STP all gases will have equal volumes of different gases and equal number of molecules.
|
|
|
plum pudding model
|
positive cloud with electrons embedded like raisins.
|
|
|
mass of electron
|
9.11*10^-31 kg
|
|
|
radiation:
|
alpha--He atom with 2+ charge
beta--high speed electrons gamma--high energy light |
|
|
nuclear atom
|
atom with dense center of positive energy (nucleus)
|
|
|
isotopes
|
elements with different numbers of neutrons
|
|
|
polyatomic ions
|
many atoms with a charge
|
|
|
oxyanions
|
have multiple combinations like SO3, SO2
|
|
|
acids
|
without oxygen hydro-element-ic acid
with oxygen: per-element-ic acid (highest) element-ic acid (higher) element-ous (lower) hypo-element-ous (lowest) |
|
|
electromagnetic radiation
|
properties of light with wavelike behavior
|
|
|
wavelength
|
distance between consecutive peaks.
Lamda (l) |
|
|
frequency
|
number of waves (cycles) per second.
v (measured in Hz) |
|
|
speed
|
all travel at speed of light (c)
2.9979*10^8 |
|
|
speed of light
|
2.9979*10^8 m/s
|
|
|
formula for electromagnetic radiation
|
c=lv
l=c/v v=c/l (most commonly used) l and v are inversely related because c is a standard number. |
|
|
Planck's constant (h)
|
6.626*10^-31 J*s
|
|
|
change of energy when quantized
|
CE=nhv (n is just an integer)
also CE= nhc/l |
|
|
quantum
|
energy that is released in packets
|
|
|
photon
|
stream of particles in a quantum
|
|
|
energy of photon formula
|
same as for change of energy w/o n
E(photon)=hv=hc/l |
|
|
photoelectric effect
|
electrons are emitted from a surface when light strikes metals.
|
|
|
photoelectric effect rules
|
1. energy must be above certain frequency for the light to bounce.
2. if energy is not above the frequency, the intensity will not make it bounce. 3. if energy is above the frequency, the higher the frequency, the higher the KE. 4. if energy is above the frequency, the higher the intensity, the higher the KE. |
|
|
KE (electron) from photoelectric effect formula
|
KE (electron) =1/2mv^2 (m=mass, v=velocity) also hv-hv(0). (hv-energy of incident photon, hv0-minimum energy to remove electron)
|
