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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is essential to the quality and range of everyday human experience?
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Emotion
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What contributes to the fixation of belief?
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Emotion
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What is a common denominator across the entire range of mental disorders?
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a lack of emotional equilibrium is the cause of most human unhappiness
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Who was referrered to as the "father of medicine"?
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Hippocrates
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Who spurred the belief that all disorders (both mental and physical) were caused by natural factors?
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Hippocrates
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the four humors
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-coined by Hippocrates
-associated with the four elements 1. earth with black bile 2. air with yellow bile 3. fire with blood 4. water with phlegm **properly balanced humors meant a healthy person |
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Galen
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-associated Hippocrate's 4 humors with 4 temperaments/characteristics
1. phlegm-sluggish, unemotional 2. blood- cheerful 3. yellow bile- quick-tempered firey 4. black bile- sad |
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Aristotle
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-emotions depend on what we believe, on our evaluations
-people are persuaded when what is said stirs emotions |
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rhetoric
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how do we persuade others
-proposed by Aristotle |
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Descartes
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-believes in 6 fundamental emotions
(wonder, desire, joy, love, hatred, and sadness) -spoke about how emotions could be both advantageous and a nuisance -how emotions are different than perceptions and bodily passions -believed that animals spirits are housed in the pineal gland |
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Which early philosopher believed that only humans possessed a mind that provided consciousness, free choice, and rationality?
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Rene Descartes
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Darwin
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-wrote "The Expression of Emotions in Man & Animals"
-viewed emotions as being reflex-like mechanisms, that in our evolutionary or individual past had once been useful -->significance in evolutionary thinking -believed emotions are universal |
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Williams James
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-James-Lange Theory of Emotions
-believed that perception causes bodily reactions that are then experienced as emotions -"the emotion is the perception of changes of our body as we react to the fact" |
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Phineas Gage
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-much of his left frontal lobe was destroyed when a pipe was driven completely through his skull
-underwent profound personality changes such as acting inappropriately and even violent |
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Walter Hess
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-used electrodes to stimulate cat brains
-found that different regions of the brain controlled different emotional functions |
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Cerebral Cortex
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may function to modulate the output of these subcortical structures
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subcortical structures
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are associated with emotions
(e.g. amygdala, hypothalamus, and limbic system) |
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Magda Arnold
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-believed that emotions are based on our (evaluations) appraisals of situations
-similar to aristotle's idea |
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Silvan Tomkins
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-emotions are "affects" or a subjectively experienced feeling
-for example, joy is expressed by smiling -internal drives themselves do not determine behavior -prompted the study of facial expressions |
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Schachter & Singer
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-two-factor theory of emotions
-emotion is a function of both cognitive factors and physiological arousal -"people search the immediate environment for emotionally relevant cues to label and interpret unexplained physiological arousal." |
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Emotion is partitioned into two components:
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1. bodily psychological arousal (William James)
2. an appraisal (Magda Arnold) |
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Dutton & Aron - Bridge Expirement
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-study of men, one group crossing the 10ft bridge vs. 200ft bridge
-approached by male or female questionare -the males approached by the female questionare responded with significantly higher sexual imagery -effect increased in group crossing the 200ft bridge **transfer of arousal |
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Dutton & Aron - Electric Shock
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-male Ss participated in what they thought was an experiment on the effects of electric shock
- saw an attractive female participating too (confederate) -those who were anxious in anticipation of the electric shock were more attracted to the female & responded to the test with more sexual imagery **effect of transfer of arousal was confirmed because the selection of subjects was truly random this time |
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Alice Isen
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-ppl who received a positive test score were more likely to help a stranger who dropped books
-emotion experienced in one situation can affect behavior, social judgements, and intensity of emotions in other situations |
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When is the effect of altruistic actions based on a good mood strongest?
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when the subject is unaware of the source of his/her original good mood
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Goffman & Hochschild
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-how we respond to situations depends on our ROLES
-our emotions are constructed based on this (often job related) -coined the phrase "emotional labor" |
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emotional labor
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work that involves constructing emotions in oneself in order to induce them in others
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What has global effects on almost every aspect of cognition?
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emotion
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how are emotions "defined"
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multi-component responses to challenges or opportunities that are important to the individual's goals, particularly social ones
-a systematic change |
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the idea that both the earth and living organisms change in some systematic way overtime was first proposed by
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the early greeks
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Who did not believe in evolution?
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Aristotle & Plato
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Erasmus Darwin
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-Darwin's grandfather
-believed that one species could be gradually transformed into another -he just needed a mechanism to prove his theory |
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John Lamark
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-first postulated a mechanism for evolution
-"Theory of Acquired Characteristics" |
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Theory of Acquired Characteristics
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adaptive abilities developed during an organisms lifetime are passed onto the organisms offspring
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What causes the "struggle for survival"?
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the reproductive capacity of all living organisms allows for many more offspring than can survive in a given environment
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Individual differences
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-among the offspring of any species, there are vast differences
-some of which are more conducive to survival than others |
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where is the term "survival of the fittest" borrowed from?
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Herbert Spencer
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Natural Selection
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of adaptive characteristics from individual differences
-occurs among the offspring of a species |
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evolution
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results from the NATURAL SELECTION of those accidental variations among members of a species that prove to have survival value
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adaptation
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genetically based traits that allow organisms to respond well to specific selection pressures to survive and reproduce
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superabundance
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animals and plants produce more offspring than necessary merely to reproduce themselves
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variation
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each offspring is somewhat different than others and differences are passed on by heredity
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natural selection
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characteristics that allow the individual to be adapted to the environment are selected for
-disadvantageous characteristics are selected against |
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epiphenomenon
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traits that are thought to be byproducts of other adaptations serve no apparent evolutionary function in-and-of themselves
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expatiation
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a process in which a structure or different feature acquires a function that is different than the original function it was adapted or selected for
-ex: feathers |
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selection pressures
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features of the physical or social environment that determines how individuals need to evolve in order to survive and reproduce
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two kinds of sexual selection pressures
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1. intrasexual competition
2. intersexual competition |
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intrasexual competition
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occurs within a sex for access to mates
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intersexual competition
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process by which one sex selects specific kinds of traits in the other sex
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Genes
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-emotions have some basis in our genes
-genes needed for us to experience emotions started out as random mutations long ago -because of this process of natural selection, the genes supporting emotions spread through future generations to become typical of the whole population |
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Emotions as adaptation
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-they enable rapid orientation to events in the environment
- coordinates the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, various muscle groups, and facial expressions to enable more adaptive responses |
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Why do we often experience emotions as being powerful and sometimes even overwhelming?
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-they are informative about specific social events or conditions that need to be acted upon
-emotions are states of readiness to act |
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emotional communication
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-evokes complementary and reciprocal emotions in others that help individuals respond to significant social events
-helps to respond adaptively |
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what is the specific function of FEAR?
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help to escape from predators
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what is the specific function of ANGER?
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set coordinated responses that help restore just relations with others
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what is the specific function of EMBARRASSMENT?
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form of appeasement
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what is the specific function of COMPASSION?
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enhances the welfare of vulnerable individuals, especially when they have been harmed
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environment of evolutionary adaptedness
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-description of the social and physical environment in which the human species evolved during the 6 million years since the human line branched off from the line that led to chimpanzees and bonobos
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Jane Goodall
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-studied ~160 chimpanzees in Gombe, Tanzania
-documented many kinds of emotions and situations that prompted them -these expressions are bases for distinctive patterns of interaction |
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do chimps reconcile following agressive encounters?
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yes, they engage in ritualized reconciliation
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how is social life among chimpanzees?
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hierarchical
-enables group members to quickly and relatively peacefully decide how to allocate resources -alpha males |
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order of human ancestry
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1. homohabilis (2.3 million years ago)
2. homoerectus 3. homosapien (.5 million years ago) |
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why do humans have a longer period of dependency compared to most animals?
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-as humans evolved, their brain size increased but the birth canal did not
-babies needed to be born earlier in order to pass through -this period of dependency required a division of labor from the parents -mothers took care of infants during immaturity therefore they traveled less -forged monogamy |
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benefits of monogamy
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-unlike our primate cousins
-carries the advantage of males knowing which offspring is their own |
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romantic love
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motivates long-term commitments to romantic partners
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jealousy
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relates to mate protection
-triggered by cues that signal potential threats to the relationship |
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sadness
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follows the loss of important bonds and helps individuals establish new bonds
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distress & anxiety
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separation from attachment figures
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caregiving-related emotions
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facilitate protective relations between parent and offspring
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guilt
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occurs following violations of reciprocity and is expressed in apologetic, remedial behavior that motivates cooperation
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anger
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motivates the punishment of individuals to derogate others whose favorable status is unjustified, thus preserving equal relations
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embarrassment and shame
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appease dominant individuals and signal submissiveness
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contempt
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feelings of superiority and dominance vis-a-vis inferior others
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awe
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associated with the experience of being in the presence of an entity greater than the self and thereby endows higher status individuals with respect and authority
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fear
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responding to predators
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disgust
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helps us choose a balanced diet
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enthusiasm & interest
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helps us concentrate on tasks, pursue resources, and explore the environment
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implications of language replacing grooming
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-highly social lives
-theory of mind -shared intention |
