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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nominal scale |
Simplest scale of data measurement that involves non ordered categorical responses Ex: measuring current moods (angry, sad, happy, anxiouse, nervous) Measurings one political views
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Ordinal scale |
The scale of data measurement that involves ordered categorical responses but are not equally spaced on the continuum Ex: mesuring anxiety levelss from not at all anxious, alittle anxious, fairly anxious, & very anxious Or How often one consumes alcohol a day from none, once, 2 to 5 times, or more than 5 times a day |
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Interval scale |
Scale of measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced but scores are not ratios of eat other and don't have true 0 value (meaning none) and use of -#s Ex: temperature of 0°F does not mean there is no temperature And there is - °F Ex: using likert scales (rating from 1-7) Or days of the month since the 20th day is not 20 times more than the 1st day |
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Ratio scale |
Scale of measurement that involves numerical responses where scores are ratios of eachother and there is a true value of 0 (meaning nothing is there) Ex: number of absences Age measures in days since birth Measures distance, time, acurracy, height, weight
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Likert scale |
A scale of responses that measures a participant's agreement or disagreement with different types of statements often with a reading from 1 to 5 or 1 to 7 Ex: how happy are you from a scale of 1 to 7? |
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Reaction time |
Measurement of the length of time to complete a task |
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Construct validity |
Indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure |
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Nonverbal scale |
Survey response scale that involves pictoral response categories for participants with low verbal skills ex: children |
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Face validity |
On the surface the scale or study appears to measure what it is supposed to |
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Face validity |
On the surface the scale or study appears to measure what it is supposed to |
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Inter-observer/ inter-rater reliability |
the degree to which different observers observe or code behaviors in similar ways |
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Present/ absence variable |
Includes two levels with one level being in the presence of something and the other level being the absence of that thing (presence group is experimental group & absence group is control group) |
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Bivalent independent variable |
Another name for presence absence of variables because they are independent variables that contain only two levels Simplest type of independent variable since it only has two levels Ex: level 1 presence of drug and level 2 absence of drug |
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Type variable |
Variable that involves a manipulation of types of treatment In each of these independent variables all the levels include the factor being manipulated but each level involves a different type or version of that factor Ex: different types of drugs or therapies being compared or different types of instructions for a task being compared |
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Amount variable |
Variable that includes levels with a different amount of the treatment changing from level to level Manipulation of the amount of a factor in each level Ex: the amount of drug dosage, length of treatment, amount of study time |
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Multivalent variable |
Independent variable includes three or more levels Can be type variable or amount variable Ex: level 1: drug A, level 2: drug B, level 3: drug C Or Level 1:10 mg of drug, level 2: 25 mg of drug, level 3: 50 mg of drug |
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Quasi-independent / subject variable |
Variable that allows comparison of groups of participants with specific characteristics without manipulation |
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Confounding variables |
Factors present in the study that may affect the results |
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Experimenter bias |
Source of bias in a study created when a researcher treats groups differently often unknowingly based on knowledge of the hypothesis |
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Single blind design |
Procedure used to hide the group assignment from the participants in a study to prevent their beliefs about the effectiveness of a treatment from affecting the results Subject does not know which specific group they are in |
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Double-blind design |
Procedure used to control experiment from bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from the participants and the researchers who interact with the participant Both researcher and participants do not know the group assignment |
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Double-blind design |
Procedure used to control experiment from bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from the participants and the researchers who interact with the participant Both researcher and participants do not know the group assignment |
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Double-blind design |
Procedure used to control experiment from bias by keeping the knowledge of the group assignments from the participants and the researchers who interact with the participant Both researcher and participants do not know the group assignment |
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Testing effect |
When participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing |
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Within subject variables |
Each participant experiences all levels of the independent variable |
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Between subjects variable |
Each participant experience is only one level of the independent variable |
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Counterbalancing |
A control used in within subject experiments where equal numbers of participants are randomly assigned to different orders of the conditions |
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Regression toward the mean |
Occurs when participants score higher or lower then their personal average and the next time they are tested they are more likely to score near their personal average making the score unreliable |
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Attrition / mortality |
Occurs when participants choose not to complete a study |
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Hawthorne effect |
A source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior because they are aware that they are being observed |
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Field experiment |
An experiment conducted in the participants natural environment |
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Demand characteristics |
Source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior bases on their perception of the study and its purpose |
