Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are Glial cells responsible for? |
specialized cells of the nervous system that are involved in mounting immune responses in the brain, removing waste, and synching the activity of the billions of neurons that constitute the nervous system.. 10 to 1 and make myeline sheath. |
|
|
What is resting potential? |
-70 mV. The time at which the cell is not transmitting messages. more positive ions on the outside |
|
|
What is Glutamate responsible for? |
Most abundant neurotan in vert brain ; Excitatory effect ; Form new memories Too much: Seizures in epilepsy , strokes |
|
|
What is GABA responsible for? |
Most abundant neurotran in vert brain ; Inhibitory effect-reduce resting potential ; facilitates sleep Too little: Seizures |
|
|
What is Acethylcholine responsible for? |
found in jxn bw nerve cells and skeletal muscle ;important for voluntary movement ; Muscle cont ; Attention ; Memory Altered levels: Alzheimers |
|
|
What are Monoamines? |
-Dopamine- Volunt mov ; Processing of rewarding experience (pathway through center of brain) - Attention (pathway through the front third of the brain) - Mood - Norepinephrine- synth from dopamine mol in bottom of brain (brain stem) then projects throughout cortex - Projects down spinal cord to affect “flight-fight” response - Stress response ; increase arousal, attention, and heart rate - Serotonin - Elevates Mood ; Sleep ; Agression ; Appetite - formed in brain stem and projects throughout the brain and spinal cord Altered levels: Fibromyalgia (increased pain due to P) ; Depression |
|
|
What are agonists and what do they do? |
They enhance neurotrans effect. a- direct agonist- directly binds to neurotrans receptor in postsynaptic cells b- indriect agonist- facilitates the effects of a neurotrans but do not bind to same part of the receptor |
|
|
What are antagonists and what do they do? |
inhibit neurotrans activity by blocking receptors or preventing synth of neurotrans: a- direct antagonist-binds to recept eg Botox-Ach b- indirect antagonist-reduce w/o |
|
|
What is the hypothalamus? |
'brain structure that regulates basic bio needs & motivational systems' |
|
|
What is the pituitary gland? |
'master gland of endocrine system produces hormones & send commands about hormone production to other endocrine glands' |
|
|
Where are the adrenal glands and what are they responsible for? |
endo glands placed near kidneys; involved in release of stress hormones such as Cortisol and Epinephrine |
|
|
what is Endorphin? |
hormone produced by the pituitary gland and hypothalamus that reduces pain and induces pleasure.
direct agonist: morphine |
|
|
What is Testosterone? |
hormone involved in driving slow sexual & physical dev, surging during sexual activity & in response to threat Correlated to aggression-how we think and feel |
|
|
What is the classification of the nervous system? |
Central Nervous System (CNS): brain and spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): part of nervous ystem that transmits info from brain to rest of the body a-Somatic nervous system: nerves that control skeletal muscles-voluntary & reflex nerves the receive sensory input from the body b-Autonomic Nervous system: nerves that control activity of organs & glands i-Sympathetic NS: fight or flight-help prepare body for action ii-Parasympathetic NS: homeostatic balance after sympathetic arousal |
|
|
What does the HIND brain contain? |
a- Brain Stem: contains: medulla- regulates functions that you have little control over- breathing , heart rate, sneezing, salivating, sleeping and wakefulness. pons- imp for regulating dreams, balance, eye mov, swallowing reticular formation- extends from medulla to mid brain and controls attention and alertness b-Cerebellum- Connects to Mid brain- the grand coordinator, coordinate movements, balance, attention and emotional response. Damage of this area would cause jerky movements and dysregulation of limb movements. |
|
|
What does the MID brain contain? |
a- Superior colliculus- capturing visual attention b- Inferior colliculus- capturing auditory attention connections to Forebrain Substantia Nigra- conncetions to dopamine releasing cells-loss of these cells=Parkinsons |
|
|
What does the Fore brain contain? |
a- VEntricles- space in forebrain thats filled with cerebrospinal fluid to help cushion brain, remove wastes & provide nutrition. b- Basal ganglia- facilitate planned mov, skill learning, integrating Reward system with sensory and mov info Affected- Parkinsons, huntington’s, Tourette’s syndrome(repetitive muscle mov)` Forms connections w/Nucleas Accumbens- structure for pleasure-sex and food craving c-Limbic system: Emotions and memory i- Amygdala: Emotion processing . Mediates fear response and recognition of emotional stimuli ii-Hippocampus:Learning and Memory formation d-Hypothalamus: temp reg, motivation (hunger, thirst, sex,aggresion) e-Thalamus: Sensory relay station |
|
|
What are the 4 lobes and what are their functions? |
a- Occipital: Visual processing-send signals to: b- Parietal: Sensory processing and bodily awarness Also has Somatosensory Cortex- in frontal region-dedicates certian amount of neurons to a certain area depending on how much sensory info it translates-ie- more nerves in hand & face than legs. Also involved in math and attention tasks. damage in areas causes neglect, patient dsnt attend to anything that appears on left half ofof visual field c- Temporal: Object recognition, hearing, language, and emotion d- Frontal: Thought, planning, language, movement Corpus Callosum: collection of neural fibres connecting the 2 hemispheres |
|
|
What is the left hemisphere responsible for? |
Language and Math |
|
|
What is the right hemisphere responsible for? |
Visual and Spatial skills, Recognition of visual stimuli, Music, face recognition, moving to left side of the body |
|
|
what is neuroplasticity? |
'The capacity of the brain to change and rewire itself based on individual experience. occipital lobes for peoplewho are blind are used for non-visual purposes.' |
|
|
What is lesioning? and what are sham groups? |
'intentionally damaging a part of the brain' 'control groups in lesion studies' |
|
|
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation |
'procedure by which electromagnetic stimulations delivered to a targeted region in brain, to temporarily impair or stimulate this region.' |
|
|
What is a CT scan? |
Computerized tomography. - structural neuroimaging technique in which x-ray are sent through the brain by a tube that rotates around the head - rays pass at diff speeds in diff parts of the brain - safer to use because do not cause metals to react |
|
|
What is MRI scan? |
Magnetic resonance imaging. -structural imaging technique where clear images of the brain are created based on how diff neural regions absorb and release E while in a magnetic field |
|
|
What is DTI? |
Diffusion tensor imaging.- A form of structural neuroimaging allowing researchers to measure white matter pathways in the brain- -imp bc white matter connect parts of the brain |
|
|
What is structural neuroimaging and what are the types of scans used? |
'a scan where images are produced of diff structures of the brain- used to determine size of diff parts of the brain' CT , MRI , DTI |
|
|
What is functional neuroimaging and what are the types of scans used? |
'a scan which shows us which parts of the brain are active when a person is doing a certain thing' EEG , MEG , PET, FMRI |
|
|
What is EEG? |
Electroencephalogram; measures patterns of brain activity with the use of multiple electrodes attached to the scalp uses ERP- Event relation potentials which links the input stimulus with the output graph. measures neurons activity :. EXCELLENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTIONCON -cant tell where exactly is activity happening |
|
|
what is temporal resolution? |
how brief a period of time can be accurately measure |
|
|
what is spatial resolution? |
a clear picture of the brain |
|
|
what is MEG? |
Magneroencephalography- A neuroimaging technique that measures the tiny magnetic fields created by the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain : EXCELLENT TEMPORAL RESOLUTION CON - Cant tell you exactly where activity is happening |
|
|
What is PET? |
Postiron Emission Tomography. -A scan where low level of radioactive isotope is injected into blood and moves to region in brain where particular task is measured - tells you exactly where activity is happening bc nerve cells use up E faster than other cells so blood flows there faster :. -EXCELLENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION -slow so cant observe minute by minute activity -pregnant women cant take test, a lot of interference |
|
|
What is FMRI? |
Functional magnetic resonance imaging. detecets the change in oxygen influx (by measuringt he change in magnetic properties) from regions that were just active. -EXCELLENT SPATIAL RESOLUTION (better than PET) - lower temporal resolution than MEG or ERP-takes 2 sec to scan entire brain vs millisec |
