Chapter2

Front 1

fossils

Back 1

physical remains of part or all of once-living organisms, mostly bones and teeth, that have become mineralized by the replacement of organic with inorganic materials

Front 2

adaptions

Back 2

changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment

Front 3

natural selection

Back 3

the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those feature in the population

Front 4

adaptive radiation

Back 4

the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches

-occurs when one species produces multiple closely related species

Front 5

geology

Back 5

the study of the earth

Front 6

paleontology

Back 6

the study of fossils

Front 7

taxonomy

Back 7

the classification of past and living lifeforms

Front 8

demography

Back 8

study of population

Front 9

evolutionary biology

Back 9

the study of organisms and their changes

Front 10

uniformitaritanism

Back 10

the theory that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today

Front 11

Origin of the Species (1859) was considered an important contribution of modern science because...

Back 11

it synthesized the information from diverse scientific fields in order to document evolutionary change

Front 12

Alfred Russel Wallace's work is considered when discussing the Theory of Evolution because..

Back 12

As an English Naturalist, he arrived to many of the same conclusions in his own research in the Amazon that Darwin did on his voyage

Front 13

Where did Darwin collect his data for Origin of the Species and Descent of Man?

Back 13

-Madagascar

-The Galapagos Islands (Near Ecuador)

-Patagonia (South America)

-His Britain estate

Front 14

Relevance of the theory of Uniformitarianism:

Back 14

-proves that the Earth has a long history and supports the theory of natural selection because it gives the time depth needed for the accumulations of changes through selection over time

Front 15

Catastrophism

Back 15

the doctrine asserting that cataclysmic events, rather than evolutionary processes, are responsible for geologic changes throughout Earth's history

Front 16

Thomas Malthus' contribution to natural selection:

Back 16

the theory that events like warfare, disease, and famine are necessary to control population size from exponential growth, and thereby reduce the risk of depleting resources

Front 17

Natural selection operates at the level of _____ (according to Darwin)

Back 17

populations

Front 18

How did Malthus' work on population growth influence Darwin?

Back 18

-Darwin was interested in his work on demography and population responses to food availability

Front 19

How did Lamarck contribute to the Theory of Evolution?

Back 19

He did not. He proposed an erroneous evolutionary mechanism known today as inheritance of acquired characteristics

Front 20

Cuvier, Lamarck, and Erasmus Darwin all shared an idea of evolution. However they all lacked what?

Back 20

A mechanism for evolution

Front 21

evolutionary sythesis

Back 21

the melding of natural selection and Mendelian inheritance

Front 22

forces of evolution include

Back 22

-natural selection

-gene flow

-genetic drift

-mutations

Front 23

Rosalind Franklin helped discover DNA through her work in _____

Back 23

x-ray crystallography

Front 24

Mendel's plant hybridization experiments demonstrated

Back 24

that traits inherited from each parent blended together in the offspring

Front 25

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 25

-the geneticist who studied the workings of fruit flies' chromosomes

-demonstrated that chromosomes carry genetic material in the form of genes

Front 26

Carolus Linnaeus

Back 26

coined the name Homo Sapiens for human beings and placed them in a higher taxonomic group

Front 27

gene pool

Back 27

individual genotypes in a breeding population taken as a whole

Front 28

Name the three observations of natural selection

Back 28

1- Organisms produce more offspring that survive

2- populations vary

3- traits are inherited

Front 29

Gregor Mendel

Back 29

-Scientist whose work provided the foundation for later understandings of genetics

-discovered that traits were inherited directly through genes

Front 30

The presence of iridium in geological deposits around the world supported the theory that:

Back 30

the impact of a giant meteor that struck the Earth produced mass extinctions of dinosaur species across the planet

Front 31

Discuss the four individual's and their scientific discoveries that helped Darwin formulate his theory of natural selection

Back 31

James Hutton (Geology)- Discovered uniformitarianism; provided the geologic evidence that supported the time depth required for evolutional theory

Georges Cuvier - First to theorize the possibly of extinction.

Carolus Linnaeus - taxonomist; made significant contributions of species/genus hierarchy.

Thomas Malthus - founded demography; postulated that population is limited by food supply and those who are better suited to find food to feed themselves and their offspring are the one's that will survive.

Front 32

What is the significance of Darwin's analysis of Galapagos finches for evolutional theory?

Back 32

The significance of Darwin's analysis of the Galapagos finches to evolutionary theory is that it gives proof that a species can adapt in large ways to it's surroundings over time. In the case of the Galapagos finch, the beak possess large variation between ancestral lines of finches as those who experienced the need for a large, nut cracking beak eventually developed one due to that environmental. pressure.

Front 33

List the four forces of evolution and their roles

Back 33

1) Natural Selection - allows the survival of the fittest

2) Mutation - source of new genetic material

3) Gene Flow - the movement of genes from one gene pool to another

4) Genetic Drift - change in frequency of alleles, allows genetic difference between genetically related populations without inbreeding.

Front 34

alleles

Back 34

different variations or versions of genes

Front 35

mutation

Back 35

random change in a gene or chromosome, creating a new trait that may be advantageous, deleterious, or neutral in its effects on the organism

Front 36

gene flow

Back 36

admixture / the exchange of alleles between two populations

Front 37

genetic drift

Back 37

random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next, with greater effect in small populations