Chapter10

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____ is an effort to attract public attention to a negligent, illegal,unethical, abusive, or dangerous act by a company or some other organization.

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Whistle-blowing

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_____ is a term applied to a variety of efforts directed toward theefficient design, manufacture, operation, and disposal of IT-related products,including personal computers, laptops, servers, printers, and printer supplies.Computer manufacturers and end users are faced with many questions aboutwhen and how to transition to green computing, and at what cost.

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Green computing

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_____as a job situation in which anindividual does not have an explicit or implicit contract for long-term employment. Thecontingent workforce includes independent contractors, temporary workers hired throughemployment agencies, on-call or day laborers, and on-site workers whose services areprovided by contract firms.

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contingent work

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In ____, a business (called the subscribing firm) transfers all or partof its workforce to another firm (called the leasing firm), which handles all human-resource-related activities and costs, such as payroll, training, and the administration ofemployee benefits. The subscribing firm leases these workers, but they remain employeesof the leasing firm. Employee leasing firms operate with minimal administrative, sales, andmarketing staff to keep down overall costs, and they pass the savings on to their clients.Employee leasing is a type of coemployment relationship, in which two employers haveactual or potential legal rights and duties with respect to the same employee or group ofemployees.

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employee leasing

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_____ When a firm employs a contingent worker, it does not usually have to provide benefits suchas insurance, paid time off, and contributions to a retirement plan.

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Advantages of Using Contingent Workers

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_____ One downside to using contingent workers is that they may not feel a strong connection tothe company for which they are working. This can result in a low commitment to the com-pany and its projects, along with a high turnover rate. Although contingent workers mayalready have the necessary technical training for a temporary job, while working for a par-ticular company, many contingent workers gain additional skills and knowledge, which arelost to the company when they depart at the project’s completion.

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Disadvantages of Using Contingent Workers

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___ is a temporary work visa granted by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services(USCIS) for people who work in specialty occupations—jobs that require at least a four-yearbachelor’s degree in a specific field, or equivalent experience. Many companies turn toH-1B workers to meet critical business needs or to obtain essential technical skills andknowledge that cannot be readily found in the United States. A person can work for a U.S. employer as an H-1B employee for a maximum continuousperiod of six years. After a worker’s H-1B visa expires, the foreign worker must remainoutside the United States for one year before another H-1B petition will be approved.

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An H-1B

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To receive an H-1B visa, the person must have a job offerfrom an employer who is also willing to offer sponsorship. Once a decision has been made to hire a worker who will require an H-1B visa, anemployer must begin the application process. There are two application stages: the LaborCondition Application (LCA) and the H-1B visa application. The company files an LCA withthe Department of Labor (DOL), stating the job title, the geographic area in which theworker is needed, as well as the salary to be paid. The DOL’s Wage and Hour Divisionreviews the LCA to ensure that the foreign worker’s wages will not undercut those of anAmerican worker. After the LCA is certified, the employer may then apply to the USCIS forthe H-1B visa, identifying who will fill the position and stating the person’s skills and qualifi-cations for the job. A candidate cannot be hired until the USCIS has processed the applica-tion, which can take several days or several months.26

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___ is a long-termbusiness arrangement in which a company contracts for services with an outside organiza-tion that has expertise in providing a specific function

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Outsourcing

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____ is a form of outsourcing in which the services are provided by anorganization whose employees are in a foreign country.

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Offshore outsourcing

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____ also known as the Lincoln Law, was enacted during the U.S. CivilWar to combat fraud by companies that sold supplies to the Union Army. War profiteers some-times shipped boxes of sawdust instead of guns, for instance, and some swindled the Union Armyinto purchasing the same cavalry horses several times. When it was enacted, the act’s goal wasto entice whistle-blowers to come forward by offering them a share of the money recovered.

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The False Claims Act,

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___ (“who sues on behalf of the king as well as for himself”) provision of theFalse Claims Act allows a private citizen to file a suit in the name of the U.S. government,charging fraud by government contractors and other entities who receive or use governmentfunds. In qui tam actions, the government has the right to intervene and join the legal pro-ceedings. If the government declines, the private plaintiff may proceed alone. Some stateshave passed similar laws concerning fraud in state government contracts.46

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The qui tam

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___ (Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool) is a system that enablespurchasers to evaluate, compare, and select electronic products based on a total of 51 envi-ronmental criteria.

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EPEAT

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____ was established to promote acommon code of conduct for the electronics and information and communicationstechnology (ICT) industry.62 The EICC focuses on the areas of worker safety and fairness,environmental responsibility, and business efficiency.

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The Electronic Industry Citizenship Coalition (EICC)