Chapter 2

Front 1

Protestant Reformation

Back 1

Movement to reform the Catholic Church launched by Germany by Martin Luther

Front 2

Roanoke Island (1585)

Back 2

Sir Walter Raleigh’s failed colonial settlement off the coast of North Carolina

Front 3

Spanish Armada

Back 3

Spanish fleet defeated in the English Channel in 1588; defeat of the Armada marked the beginning of the decline of the Spanish Empire

Front 4

primogeniture

Back 4

Legal principle that the oldest son inherits all family property or land; landowners’ sons were forced to seek their fortunes elsewhere, pioneered early exploration and settlement of the Americas

Front 5

joint-stock company

Back 5

Short-term partnership between multiple investors to fund a commercial enterprise; such arrangements were used to fund England’s early colonial ventures

Front 6

Virginia Company

Back 6

English joint-stock company that received a charter from James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony

Front 7

charter

Back 7

Legal document granted by a government to some group or agency to implement a stated purpose and spelling out the attending rights and obligations; British colonial charters guaranteed inhabitants all the rights of Englishmen, which helped solidify colonists’ ties to Britain during the early years of settlement

Front 8

First Anglo-Powhatan War (1610-1614)

Back 8

Series of clashes between the Powhatan Confederacy and English settlers in Virginia; English colonists torched and pillaged Indian villages, applying tactics used in England’s campaigns against the Irish

Front 9

Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644-1646)

Back 9

Last-ditch effort by the Indians to dislodge Virginia settlements; the resulting peace treaty formally separated white and Indian areas of settlement

Front 10

House of Burgesses

Back 10

Representative parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies

Front 11

Act of Toleration (1649)

Back 11

Passed in Maryland, it guaranteed toleration to all Christians but decreed the death penalty for those, like Jews and atheists, who denied the divinity of Jesus Christ; ensured that Maryland would continue to attract a high proportion of Catholic migrants throughout the colonial periods

Front 12

Barbados slave code (1661)

Back 12

First formal statute governing the treatment of slaves, provided for harsh punishments against offending slaves but lacked penalties for the mistreatment of slaves by masters

Front 13

squatters

Back 13

Frontier farmers who illegally occupied land owned by others or not yet officially opened for settlement; many of North Carolina’s early settlers were squatters, who contributed to the colony’s reputation as being more independent-minded and “democratic” that its neighbors

Front 14

Iroquois Confederacy (late 1500s)

Back 14

Bound together five tribes--the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas--in the Mohawk Valley of what is now New York state

Front 15

Tuscarora War (1711-1713)

Back 15

Began with an Indian attack on Newbern, North Carolina; remaining survivors migrated northward, eventually joining the Iroquois Confederacy as its sixth nation

Front 16

Yamasee Indians

Back 16

Defeated by the South Carolinians in the war of 1715-1716; defeat devastated the last of the coastal Indian tribes in the southern colonies

Front 17

buffer

Back 17

In politics, a territory between two antagonistic powers, intended to minimize the possibility of conflict between them; in British North America, Georgia was established as a buffer colony between British and Spanish territory

Front 18

Henry VIII (1491-1547)

Back 18

Tudor monarch who launched the Protestant Reformation in England when he broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Catherine of Aragon

Front 19

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)

Back 19

Protestant queen of England whose forty-five-year reign from 1558-1603 firmly secured the Anglican church and inaugurated a period of maritime exploration and conquest; never having married, she was dubbed the “Virgin Queen” by her contemporaries

Front 20

Sir Francis Drake (ca. 1542-1595)

Back 20

English sea captain who completed his circumnavigation of the globe in 1580, plundering Spanish ships and settlements along the way

Front 21

Sir Walter Raleigh (ca. 1552-1618)

Back 21

English courtier and adventurer who sponsored the failed settlements of North Carolina’s Roanoke Island in 1585 and 1587; once a favorite of Elizabeth I, Raleigh fell out of favor with the Virgin Queen after secretly marrying one of her maids of honor; he continued his colonial pursuits until 1618 when he was executed for treason

Front 22

Captain John Smith (1580-1631)

Back 22

English adventurer who took control of Jamestown in 1608 ensured the survival of the colony by directing gold-hungry colonists toward more productive tasks; established the Powhatan Indians through the chief’s daughter, Pocahontas, who had “saved” Smith from a mock execution the previous year

Front 23

Powhatan (ca. 1540s-1618)

Back 23

Chief of the Powhatan Indians and father of Pocahontas; as a show of force, Powhatan staged the kidnapping and mock execution of Captain John Smith in 1607; later led the Powhatan Indians in the first Anglo-Powhatan War, negotiating a tenuous peace in 1614

Front 24

Pocahontas (ca. 1595-1617)

Back 24

Daughter of Chief Powhatan; saved Captain John Smith in dramatic mock execution and served as mediator between Indians and the colonists; in 1614, she married John Rolfe and sailed with him to England, where she was greeted as a princess and where she passed away shortly before her planned return to the colonies

Front 25

Lord De La Warr (1577-1618)

Back 25

Colonial governor who imposed harsh military rule over Jamestown after taking over in 1610

Front 26

John Rolfe (1585-1622)

Back 26

English colonist whose marriage to Pocahontas in 1614 sealed the peace of the FirstAnglo-Powhatan War

Front 27

Lord Baltimore (1605-1675)

Back 27

Established Maryland as a haven for Catholics; unsuccessfully tried to reconstitute the English manorial system in the colonies and gave vast tracts of land to Catholic relatives, a policy that soon created tensions between the seaboard Catholic establishment and backcountry Protestant planters

Front 28

Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658)

Back 28

Puritan general who helped lead parliamentary forces during the English Civil War and ruled England as Lord Protector from 1653 until his death in 1658

Front 29

James Oglethorpe (1696-1785)

Back 29

Soldier-statesmen and leading founder of Georgia; champion of prison reform who established Georgia as a haven for debtors seeking to avoid imprisonment

Front 30

Hiawatha (dates unknown)

Back 30

Along with Deganawidah, legendary founder of the Iroquois Confederacy, which united the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca tribes in the late sixteenth century