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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Multidimensional Integrative Approach |
approach to the study of psychopathology that holds that psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors. - Emotional/Cognitive - Social - Biological - Behavioural |
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One-Dimensional Model |
Traces the orgins or behaviour back to a single cause. |
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Genes |
very long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes within the cell nucleus. |
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Gregor Mendek |
known that physical characteristics (hair, eye colour, height etc.) are determined or at least strongly influenced by our genetic endowment. |
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Chromosomes |
each normal cell has 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. - first 22 pairs provide programs for development of body and brain - last pair determines sex on the individual |
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DNA Molecules |
- contain genes - have a certain structure: helix (spiral) - if something is wrong in the ordering of molecules on double helix we have a defective gene |
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Dominant Gene |
is one of a pair of genes that determines a particular trait. |
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Recessive Gene |
must be paired with another recessive gene to determine a trait. |
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Genome |
individuals's complete set of genes |
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Quantitative Genetics |
estimates the effects of genes in explaining individual differences (heritability) |
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Molecular Genetics |
focuses on examining the actual structure and functioning of genes with increasingly advanced teachnologies |
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DNA microarrays |
allow scientists to analyze 1000s of genes at once and identify broad networks of genes that may be contributing to a partcular trait. |
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Eric Kandel (1983) |
very genetic structure of cells may actually change as a result of learning. |
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Diathesis-Stress Model |
individuals inherit, from multiple genes, tendencies to express certain traits or behaviours, which may then be activated under conditions of stress. |
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Gene-Environment Correlation Model |
people with a genetic predisposition for a disproder may have a genetic tendency to create enviromental risk factors that promote the disorder. |
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Neuroscience |
knowing how the nervous system and, especially, the brain work is central to any understanding of our behaviour, emotions, and cognitive processes |
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Central Nervous System |
processes all information received from our sense organs and reacts as necessary
- spinal cord - brain |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
- Somatic: controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory information to the central nervous system - Automtic: controls involuntary muscles - sympathetic: expends energy - Parasympathetic: conserves energy |
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Neurons: |
nerve cells
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Transmission of Information from one neuron to another |
1. synthesis of neurtransmitter and formation vesicles 2. transport of neurotransmitter down axon 3. release of neurotransmitter 4. interaction of neurotransmitter with receptor exciting or inhibiting post-synaptic neuron 5. separation of neurotransmitter molecules from receptors 6. reuptake of neurotransmitter to be recycled 7. vesicles without neurotransmitter transported back to cell body |
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Neuron Structure |
Contains two branches: - Dendrite: have numerous receptors that receive messages in the form of chemical impulses for other nerve cells, which are converted into electric pulses - Axon: transmits these impulses to other neurons |
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Synaptic Cleft |
space between a neuron and the dendrite of another. |
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Neurotransmitters |
chemicals that are released from the axon of one nerve cell and transmit the impulse to the receptors of another nerve cell - norepinephrine - serotonin - dopamine - gamma aminobutyric acid |
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Structure of the Brain |
- Brain stem - hindbrain (regulates many automatic activites: breathing, heartbeat, digestion) - medulla - pons - cerebellum - hyptohalamus/thalamus - forebrain |
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Midbrain |
coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system (RAS), which contributes to processes of arousal and tension such as whether we are awake or asleep.
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Thalamus and Hypothalamus |
involved very broadly with regulating behaviour and emotion. - function primarily as a relay between the forebrain and the remaining lower areas of the brain stem |
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Limbic System |
- at the base of the forebrain, figures prominently in much of psychopathology, includes: - hippocampus - cingulate gurus - septum - amygdala |
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Basal Ganglia |
includes caudate nucleus, located at the base of forebrain. |
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Cerebral Cortex |
largest part of the forebrain - provides us with our distinctly human qualities (allowing us to look into the future, plan, reason, create) - divided into two hemispheres - left hemisphere (verbal and other cognitive processes) - Right hemisphere (perceives world around us and creating images) - each hemisphere consists of four separate areas or lobes |
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Temporal Lobe |
recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage |
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Parietal Lobe |
recognizing various sensations of touch |
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Occipital lobe |
integrating and making sense of various visual imputs |
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Frontal Lobe |
carries most of the weight of our thinking and reasoning abilities as well as our memory - allows us to relate |
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Autonomic nervous system |
primary duties is to regulate cardiovascular system, the endocrine system (putuitary, adrenal, thyroid, gonadal glands) and to perform other tasks (aiding digestion, regulating body tempature) includes: - sympathetic nervous system - parasympathetic nervous system |
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Hormone |
chemical messenger |
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Endocrine System |
each endocrine gland produces its own chemical messager, called a hormone, and releases it directly into the bloodstream. The adrenal glands produce epinephrine in response to stress, as well as salt-regulating hormones; the thyroid gland produces thyroxine, which facilitates energy, metabolism, and growth; the pituitary is a master gland produce sex hormones such as estrogen and testosterone. |
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Agonists |
Effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects |
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Antagonists |
that decrease or block a neurotransmitter |
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Inverse Agonists |
that produce the opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter |
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Reuptake |
after a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron. |
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Drugs |
Some drugs directly inhibit/block the production of a neurotransmitter. Other drugs increase the production of competing biochemical substances that may deactivate the neurotransmitter. Yet other drugs dont inhibit neurotransmitters directly but prevent the chemical from reaching the next neuron by closing down or occupying the receptors in that neuron. |
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Glutamate |
is an excitatory transmitter that "turns on" many different neurons, leading to action. |
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Gamma aminobutyric acid |
GABA for short, is an inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Serotonin |
regulates our behaviour, moods, and thought processes. Low activity levels of serotonin are associated with less inhibition and with instability, impulsivity and the tendency to overreact to situations. Low serotonin activity has been associated with suicide, agression, impulsive overeating. |
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learned helplessness |
which occurs when rats and animals encounter conditions over which they have no control whatsoever. If animals learn their behaviour has no effect whatsoever on their environment they become very "helpless"- give up attempting to cope |
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Prepared Learning |
we have become highly prepared for learning about certain types of objects/situations through evolution, because this knowledge contributed to the survival of our ancestors. |
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Implicit Memory |
when someone clearly acts on the basis of things that have happened in the past but cant remember the events. |
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Explicit Memory |
Being able to recall memories. |
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Implicit Cognition |
unobservable unconscious processes |
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Cognitive Behavioural Therapy |
methods for dealing with faulty attributions and attitudes associated with learned helplessness and depression. |
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Flight-or-fight response |
alarm reaction that activates during potentially life-threatening emergencies. |
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Emotion |
fear is a subjective feeling of terror, a strong motivation for behaviour and a complex physiological or arousal response. |
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Mood |
more persistent period of affect or emotionality |
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Affect |
monumental tone that accompanies what we say or what we do. |
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Interpersonal Psychotherapy |
therapy for experiences of interpersonal relationships |
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Equifinality |
indicate that we must consider many paths to a given outcome. |
