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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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isotope
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same number of protons and electrons but differing neutrons thus atomic mass
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cation
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posted charge from loss of an electron
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anion
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new charge by gaining an electron
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ionic bonds
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attraction between pos. and neg. that hold ions is a crystal lace
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covalent bond
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when shred electrons to reach chemical stability..non polar mean equal sharing...polar means unequal sharing
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molecular compounds
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formed by 2 diff elements covalent bonded together
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4 types of lipids
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triglyccerides, phospholipids, sterioids, eicosanoids
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triglycerides
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composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids. used for long term energy storage
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phospholipids
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glycerol,2 fatty acids, phosphate group. polar head and 2 non polar tails....found in cell membranes..hydrophilic/phobic
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steroids
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multilingual structures, 4 rings, 3 rings=6CARBON, 1ring=5 carbon
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carbohydrates
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mono, di, or polyccharides...mono is the basic building blocks...they are fuel and storage, most are polar
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basic unit of proteins
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amino acids
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deamination
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breaks down protein by taking off amino acids
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catalyst
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enzyme that speeds up reaction rates
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protein primary structure
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long chain
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protein secondary structure
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folding/coiling
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protein tertiary structure
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addition coiling/clumpy
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protein quaternary structure
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additional polypeptide
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nucleic acid 3 parts
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phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base
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homeostasis
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holding cells environment at a steady state. essential for survival, each cell contributes
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pysiology
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study of funtion...regional VA systemic....different categories aka neuro or patho
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anabolism
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small molecules are joined to fork larger ones...requires ATP...ex triglycerides..glycogen production
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catabolism
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large molecules broken down into smaller...ex eating/digestion
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levels of organization
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metabolism, growth and development, responsivness, regulation, reproduction
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factors homeostatically controlled
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concen of nutrient molecules, gas reg, waste, ph, h20 and salt, blood pressure, temperature
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body systems that maintain homeostasis
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receptor, control center, effector
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extracellular fluid
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plasma, interstitial fluid
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intracellular fluid
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cytosol, inside the cell
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extrinsic control
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begins outside of an organ system, maintain homeostasis, ex nervous, endocrine
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intrinsic control
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begins inside an organ system, local...ex digestion secretion of enzymes
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negative feeback
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fine times homeostatic conditions by through small adjustments
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positive feedback
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amplifies results, away from homeostasis
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matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space, 3 phases
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atom
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made up of subatomic particles, overall nuetral, they bond to reach stability, atoms with 8 electron is outer shell are stable
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ion
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charged atom that is either pos or neg due to gaining or losing
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molecule
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2 or more atoms bonded together
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compounds
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2 or more diff elements bonded together. ..compound do can be molecules EXCEPT ironically bonded compounds
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common elements in the body
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26, but 96% composed of O, C, H, N
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hydrogen bonds
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weakest bond that involves partially charged atoms between molecules
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properties of water
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3 phases, cohesion is attraction of water molecules, and adhesion is attraction of other subtances
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ph scale
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measures hydrogen ion concen. ,,,
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buffer
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helps prevent ph changes by absorbing and releasing hydrogen ions.....
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carbohydrates
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made up of C, H, O and used for energy and storage, most are polar and dissolve in water. ex are sugars and starch..location in the cell=mitochondria
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lipids
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C, H, O..but less O than carbs...structural component for cell membranes, essential for hormones. used as fuel by cells..fatty acid is basic unit...water insoluable...triglyccerides are the most common..located in the cell in cell membranes
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proteins
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C, O, N, H, S....used is growth and repair of tissues....somtimes fuel. catalysts (enzymes)....amino acid is the basic unit of all proteinss...deamination is the breaking down of proteins by taking off amino acids. in the cell= plasma membrane, cytoskeleton
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nucleic acids
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used by cells for instructions and holding energy....nucleotides are basic unit...DNA? AND REA AND ATP..found in nucleus of cell
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energy
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ability to produce or change in state or motion of matter or capacity to do work
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types of energy
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mechanical (potential or kinetic)....chemical, nuclear, radiant, heat, electrical
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potential energy
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energy of position or stored
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kinetic
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energy of motion
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exergonic
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reactants have more energy within their chemical bonds than do the products...energy out
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endergonic
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reactants have less energy within their chemical bonds than do the products ...energy in
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activation energy
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energy required to start conversion from potential to kinetic...energy required to break existing chemical bonds..ex rock on hill
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enzymes
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biological catalysts...increase rate of reaction by decreasing the activation energy needed to start a reaction...ASE ending
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enzymes can be affected by..
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1. enzyme and substrate concentration 2. temperature 3. changes in ph
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what control enzymes?
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inhibitors
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competitive inhibitor...
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binds to active site
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noncompetitive inhititors...
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bind to allosteric site
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cellular respiration
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aerobic respiration used by most cells to produce ATP...o2 required...4 stages
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glycolysis
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takes place in cytoplasm ....anerobic so don't me O2...ending outcome...2NADH, ATP, 2 PYRAMID ACIDS
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intermediate stage
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takes place in mitochondira..outcome..2NADH,2 ACETYL COA,2CO2...TWO CARBONS!!!
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citric acid/Krebs cycle
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in mitochondira. ..cycles TWICE...end==2ATP,6NADH, 2FADH2, 4 CO2..
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electron transport system
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"wow" step..in mitochondira, takes all NASH AND FADES the release...series of ENZYMES and Co enzymes...accept e- @ higher energy level and release at lower level. ..e- combines with O2 and H to make water at the end ..BULK of ATP is and here
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chemioosmosis
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released energy..ATP synthesis
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anaerobic respiration
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ATP where no o2 is required...muscle cells can do both
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rough ER
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produces proteins
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smooth ER
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produces lipids
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golgi apparatus
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modifies,packages and sorts materials
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cytoskeleton
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maintains intracellular structural support and organization of cells...helps cell division...helps with movement
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vesicles
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transports cellular material
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lysomers
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digests materials
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peroxisomers
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detoxify specific harmful substances
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mitochondira
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synthesize most ATP DURING aerobic respiration by digesting food molecules
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osmosis
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the passive movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane..water always moves across the plasma membrane from an area of high water concen. to an area of low until equilibrium is reached
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tonicity
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relative concentration of two fluids...isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic
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lingands (cell communication)
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molecules released from one cell that bind to receptors within the plasma membrane of another cell
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channel linked receptors (cell communication)
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permit ion passage into or of of the cell in response to neurotransmitter binding..initiate electrical changes
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enzymatic receptors (cell communicatin)
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add phosphates to other enzymes within the cell. aka alters enzyme signals
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Good protein - coupled receptors
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alter enzymes directly through the Game protein enzyme
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tight junction
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don't allow materials to go between cell membranes
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gap junction
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ex cardiac muscle...provide a direct passageway for substances to pass between cells
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desmosomes
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snaps between adjacent cells, prevents resistance from mechanical stress...holding structure anchoring cell membranes
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colloids
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protein within water (collagen aka geletan)
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suspension
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keep moving to stay mixed....ex water and oil
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the amount of energy available to do work can be found in....
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chemical bonds
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