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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normalization
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a philosophical belief in special education that evey individual, even the most disabled, should have an educational and living environment as close to normal as possible
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spina bifida
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a congenital midline defect resulting from failure of the bony spinal column to close completely during fetal development
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congenital
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a characteristic or condition that is present at birth; might or might not be due to genetic factors
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deinstitutionalization
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a social movement of the 1960s and 1970s whereby large numbers of persons with itellectual disabilities and/or mental illness were moved from large mental institutions into smaller community homes or into the homes of their families; recognized as a major catalyst for integrating persons with disabilities into society
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job coach
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a person who assists adult workers with disabilities (especially those with intellectual disabilities), providing vocationl assessment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies.
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self-determination
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the ability to make personal choices, regulate one's own life, and be a self-advocate; a prevailing philosophy in education programming for people with intellectual disabilities; having control over one's life, not having to rely on others for making choices about one's quality of life; develops over one's life span
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person-centered planning
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planning for a person'ts self-determination; planning activities and services based on a person's dreams, aspirations, interests, preferences, strengths, and capacities
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Universal design
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the design of new buildings and tools to make them usable by the widest possible population of potential users.
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Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
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designing lessons that are appropriate for all learners
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FAPE
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free appropriate public education
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cochlear implantation
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a surgical procedure that allows people who are deaf to hear some environmental sounds; an external coil fitted on the skin by the ear picks up sound from a microphone worn by the person and transmits it to an internal coil implanted in the bone behind the ear, which carries it to an electrode implanted in the cochlea of the inner ear
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Full inclusion
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all students with disabilities are placed in their neighborhood schools in general education classrooms for the entire day; general education teachers have the primary responsibility for students with disabilities
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Continuum of alternative placements (CAP)
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the full range of alternative placements, from those assumed to be least restrictive; the continuum ranges from general education classrooms in neighborhood schools to resource rooms, self-contained classes, special day schools, residential schools, hospital schools, and home instruction
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Pull-out programs
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special education programs in which student with disabilities leave the general education classromm for part or all of the school day
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disability rights movement
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patterned after civil rights movement of the 1960s, this is a loosely organized effort to advocate for the right of people with diabilities through lobbying legislators and other activities. members view people with disabilities as an oppressed minority
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hanicapism
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a term used by activist who fault the unequal treatment of individuals with disabilities. this term is parallel to the term racism, coined by those who fault unequal treatment based on race
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differentiated instruction
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instruction varied to meet the needs of any student
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prereferral teams (PRTs)
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teams composed of a variety of professionals, especially general and special educators, who work with general education classroom teachers to come up with strategies for teaching difficult-to-teach children. designed to influence general educators to take ownership of difficult-to-teach students and to minimize inappropriate referrals to special education
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response to intervention (RTI)
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a way of determining whether a student has a learning disability; increasingly intensive levels of instructional intervention are delivered, and if the student does not achieve, at some point he or she is determined to have a learning disability or is referred for special education evaluation
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Collaborative consultation
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an approach in which a special educator and a general educator collaborate to identify teaching strategies for a student with disabilities. the relationship between the two professionals is based on the premises of shared responsibility and equal authority
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Cooerative teaching
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an approach in which general educators and special educators teach together in the general classroom; it helps the special educator know the context of the general education classroom better
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co-teaching
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a special educator working side-by-side with a general educator in a classroom, both teachers providing instruction to the group.
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cooperative learning
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a teaching approach in which the teacher places students with heterogeneous abilities (ex. some might have disabilities) together to work on assignments
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peer-mediated instruction
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the deliberate use of a student's classroom peer(s) to assist in teaching an academic and social skill
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peer tutoring
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method that can be used to integrate students with disabilities in general education classrooms. based on the notion that students can effectively tutor on another, the role of learner or teacher is assigned to either the student with a disability or the nondisabled student
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peer confederates
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peers who assist the teacher
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classwide peer tutoring
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an instructional procedure in which all students in the class are involved in tutoring and being tutored by classmates on specific skills as directed by their teacher
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partial participation
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approach in which students with disabilities, while in the general education classroom, engage in the same activities as nondisabled students but on a reduced basis; the teacher adapts the activity to allow each student to participate as much as possible
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modifications
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changes made in instruction or assessment to make it possible for a student with a disability to respond more normally
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accommodations
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changes in the delivery of instruction, type of student performance, or method of assessment which do not significantly change the content or conceptual difficulty of the curriculum
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adaptations
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changes in curricular content or conceptual difficulty or changes in instructional objectives and methods
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tiered assignments
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assignments varying in difficulty but on a single topic
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Progress monitoring
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brief, frequent measures of performance used to determine whether a student is learning as expected; if student isn't leaning as expected, the teacher can make changes to the instruction
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Developmental delay
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a term often used to encompass a variety of disabilities of infants or young children indicating that they are significantly behind the norm for development in one or more areas such as motor development, cognitive development, or language
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Individualized family service plan (IFSP)
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a plan mandated by PL 99-457 to provide services for young children with disabilites (under three years of age) and their families; drawn up by professionals and parents; similar to and IEP for older children
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center-based program
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a program implemented primarily in a school or center, not in the student's home
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home-based programs
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programs delivered primarily in a student's home rather than in a school or center
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supported employment
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a method of inegrating people with disabilities who cannot work independently into competitve employment; includes use of an emplyment specialist, or job coach, who helps the person with a disability function on the job
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job coach
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a person who assists adult workers with disabilities (especially those with intellectual disabilities), providing vocational assessmment, instruction, overall planning, and interaction assistance with employers, family, and related government and service agencies
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Zero tolerance
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a school policy, supported by federal and state laws, that having possession of any weapon or drug on school property will automatically result in a given penalty (usually suspension or expulsion) regardless of the nature of the weapon or drug or any extenuating circumstances
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manifestation determination
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determination whether a student's misbehavior is a manifestation of a disability
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positive behavioral intervention plans
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a plan for changing behavior with an emphasis on positive reinforcement (rewarding) procedures
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functional behavior assessment (FBA)
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evaluation that consists of finding out the consequences (what purposes the behavior serves), antecedents (what triggers the behavior), and setting events (contextual factors) that maintain inappropriate behaviors
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positive behavioral support (PBS)
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positive reinforcement (rewarding) procedures intended to support a student's appropriate or desirable behavior
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Positive behavior intercention and support (PBIS)
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systematic use of the science of behavior to find ways of supportin desirable behavior rather than punishing the undesirable behavior, positive reinforcement (rewarding) procedures that are intended to support a student's appropriate or desirable behavior
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