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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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There are about ____ different kinds of cells, but all have same similarities.
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260
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In the pre-embryo cells undergo ____________ to become what the body needs in the fullfillment of its diverse functions.
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Differentiation
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Basic study of cells utilizes a ___________ model that incorporates all the basic structures and functions of cells in the body.
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Composite Cell
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Non-specialized cells.
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Stem cells
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Cells are measured in units called __________, which is 1,000th of a millimeter.
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Micrometers
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Cells are measured in units called micrometers which is _______th of a millimeter.
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1000th
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A red blood cell measures ______ micrometers.
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7.5
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A red blood cell measures _______________.
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7.5 micrometers
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A red blood cell measures 7.5 _________.
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micrometers
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Cell diversity is functionally related to ________.
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shape
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Long and thin cells that carry impulses over a distance.
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Nerve Cells
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Slender and rod like cells that functin to pull parts together.
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Muscle Cells
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Thin, flattened and tightly packed cells that protects underlying tissue and is found in glands.
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Epithelial Cells
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Contains the DNA, which controls cell functions.
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Nucleus
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Controls cell functions
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DNA
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Contains organelles
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Cytoplasm
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Occupies the space between the cell membrane and the nucleus and contains organelles.
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Cytoplasm
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Surrounds the cell, contains the cell contents and acts as a gateway in and out of the cell.
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Cell (Plasma) Membrane
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Cell membrane is also known as the ____________.
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Plasma Membrane
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Liquid in which the organelles are suspended.
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Cytosol
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Liquid in which organelles are suspended.
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Cytosol
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An extremely thin boundary that is an actively functioning part functioning part of the living material.
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Cell Membrane
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Is selectively permeable.
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Cell Membrane
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Provides signal transduction.
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Cell Membrane
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Process of receiving and responding to incoming messages.
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Signal Transduction
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Water-loving
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Hydrophilic
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Water-fearing
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Hydrophobic
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Model which expresses how the lipid molecules form a liquid film in which the molecules of all kinds can move sideways like two sheets of plastic sliding across each other.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
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(TRUE/FALSE) The interior part of the cell membrane is polar.
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FALSE non-polar (oily)
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Since the interior of the cell membrane is oily (non-polar) substances that are soluble in lipids (cannot/easily) pass through.
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Easily
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These proteins act as signal transducers.
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Transmembrane proteins
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Act as anchors for glycoproteins, cell junctions, or pores through which ions, amino acids or other important substances pass.
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Transmembrane proteins
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Proteins integrated in only one layer of the membrane.
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Peripheral proteins
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These proteins do not interact with the hydrophobic core of the membrane.
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Peripheral proteins
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Proteins used as cell markers and for cellular identification.
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Glycoproteins
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Cellular adhesion molecules enable certain cells to ___________ called intercellular junctions of cells.
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Bind together
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________________ molecules enable certain cells to bind together called intercellular junctions of cells.
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Cellular adhesion
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Cellular adhesion molecules enable certain cells to bind together called ________________________.
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Intercellular junctions of cells
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Found where there is to be little or no passage of substances between cells.
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Tight intercellular junctions
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Skin and epithelial cells of the digestive tract to prevent leakage of substances (esp enzymes) are an example of this intracellular junction.
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Tight intercellular junctions
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These intercellular junctions have interdigitating proteins that hold the cells together like a zipper, called cadherins.
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Desmosome Intercellular Junctions
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Interdigitating proteins that hold the cells together like a zipper.
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Cadherins
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Attaches one cytoskeleton to the next (intercellular junction)
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Desmosome Intercellular Junctions
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These intercellular junctions are found in areas of great mechanical stress such as the skin, heart muscle and the cervix of the uteris.
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Desmosome intercellular junctions
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These intercellular junctions (nexus bond) establish pores, or channels called connexons.
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Gap intercellular junctions
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Made of transmembrane proteins between the cells that allow certain sugars, ions and other small molecules to pass from one cell to another. (Found in gap intercellular junctions)
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Connexons
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A type of cellular adhesion molecule in blood vessel walls that slows the passage of WBC's so they can bind on inner capillary wall surface at the site of injury/disease.
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Selectin
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Coats the WBC so it will adhere to the glycocalyx of the cells of the blood vessel.
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Selectin
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Framework of protein rods (including microtubules and microfilaments)
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Cytoskeleton
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A complex structure composed of membane-bound, flattened sacs, elongated canals and fluid filled vesicles.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Widely distributed throughout the cell, connected to the nucleus, among others of itself and the plasma membrane.
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Organelles
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Synthesis of protein and lipid molecules for intracellular use or export.
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Organelles
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Which type of ER lacks ribosomes?
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Smooth ER
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Has no ribosomes and manages the production of steroid hormones and lipid products.
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Smooth ER
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Manages the production of steroid hormones and lipid products.
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Smooth ER
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Has many ribosomes for the production of protein.
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Rough ER
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Manages the production of protein hormones, enzymes, structural proteins, and assembly of amino acids into more complex protein structures.
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Rough ER
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Small units made up of two subunits that assemble proteins and are scattered throughout the cytoplasm and attached to the rough ER.
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Ribosomes
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Assemble proteins
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Ribosomes
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Composed of a stack of about half a dozen flattened membranous sacs, called cisternae.
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Golgi apparatus
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Contains flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
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Golgi apparatus
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Flattened membranous sacs which compose the golgi apparatus.
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Cisternae
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Located between the ER and the cell membrane.
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Golgi apparatus
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Located between the golgi apparatus and the nucleus.
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Function is to refine, package and deliver proteins synthesized by ribosomes attached to the ER.
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Golgi apparatus
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Refine, packages and delivers proteins
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Golgi apparatus
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Nicknamed the "UPS system of the cell"
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Golgi apparatus
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Produces transport vesicles for exocytosis
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Golgi apparatus
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Powerhouse of the cell.
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Mitochondria
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The folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
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Cristae
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Where the mitochondrion produces the ATP.
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Cristae
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The energy currency of the cell.
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ATP (adenotriphosphate)
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Necessary trace mineral for the production of ATP.
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Chromium
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"Garbage disposals" or "Suicide bags" or the cell.
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Lysosomes
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Contains powerful digestive enzymes that break down proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and foriegn material.
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Lysosomes
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Membraneous sac contains enxymes called peroxidases.
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Peroxisomes
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Composite of the cell found more abundantly in the liver and kidneys (organs of elimination)
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Peroxisomes
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This composite of the cell lacks a membrane.
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Centrosome
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Has no membrane and is located near the nucleus.
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Centrosome
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Contains two hollow cylinders (centrioles) made of microtubules.
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Centrosome
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Two hollw cylinders made of microtubules found in the Centrosome.
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Centrioles
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Separates the sets of chromosomes during cell division.
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Centrosome
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Designed for movement
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Cilia and Flagella
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Cilia and flagella are designed for ________.
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Movement
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Motile extensions of microtubules from certain cells.
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Cillia
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Attached to a modified centriole, just beneath the cell membrane (basal body).
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Cillia
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Modified centriole just beneath the cell membrane in which cillia attaches itself.
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Basal body
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Moves substances across the cell membrane.
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Cillia
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The only cell in the human body that has flagella.
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Sperm Cell
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(TRUE/FALSE) Flagellum is longer than Cillia.
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FALSE
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Utilized for active transport
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Vesicles
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Bubble-like membranous sacs that transport substances within cells. (organelle to organelle, or organelle to plasma membrane)
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Vesicles
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Forms the cytoskeleton
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Microfilaments and microtubules
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Provides STRUCTURE and MOVEMENT in the form of CONTRACTILE UNITS.
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Microfilaments and microtubules
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Microfilaments and microtubules are dispersed throught the ______________ environment.
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Intracellular
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Distributes the genetic material in cell division.
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Microtubules
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Contains genetic material (DNA)
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Cell nucleus
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Long strands of DNA with protein visible under a light microscope and found in the nucleus.
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Chromatin fibers
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Double layered membrane with pores in it that forms the outer periphery of the nucleus, and attaches to the ER.
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Nuclear Envelope
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RNA which produces ribosomes which pass through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
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Nucleolous
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Loosely coiled fibers of DNA containing histones for structural spacing purposes.
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Chromatin
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Simple diffusion moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Passive
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Facilitated diffusion moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Passive
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Osmosis moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Passive
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Filtration moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Passive
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Endocytosis moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Active
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Exocytosis moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Active
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Transcytosis moves in and out of the cell through (active/passive) transport.
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Active
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Atoms, molecules and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.
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Diffusion
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Diffusion are atoms, molecules and ions in a liquid or air solution to move from areas of ________ concentration to areas of ___________ concentration.
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Higher to lower
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The tendency of particles of the same kind to get as far from each other as possible.
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Diffusion
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(T/F) Diffusion requires ATP.
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False
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Diffusion involves the movement of ________, not solvents.
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Solutes
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Important for the movement of ions, larger water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids.
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Facilitated diffusion
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(T/F) Facilitated diffusion does not require ATP.
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True
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Facilitated diffusion involves the movement of ________, not solvents.
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Solutes
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The diffusion of water molecules from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane (cell membrane)
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Osmosis
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In solutions of higher solute concentrations, water diffuses in to equalize the concentration of water on each side of the cell membrane. This is an example of __________.
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Osmosis
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With a selectively permeable membrane, the solute molecules cannot pass through the membrane, but the water molecules can. This results in a accumulation of water on one side, thereby increasing the volume of water on that side (where the greatest concentration of solute is) so that there is more water pressure on that side. This is called ___________________.
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Osmotic Pressure
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Any solution that has the same osmotic pressure as body fluids.
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Isotonic solution
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Any solution that has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids.
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Hypertonic solution
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Any solution that has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids.
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Hypotonic
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The amount (weight) of a substance dissolved in a solvent.
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Molarity
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Number of particles of solute dissolved in a solvent.
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Osmolarity
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Effect of cell shape osmolarity has on cells.
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Tonicity
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When substances are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic pressure.
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Filtration
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(T/F) Filtration requires ATP.
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False
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Capillary permeability in both tissues and in the kidneys is an example of ________.
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Filtration
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In active transport movement is __________ a concentration gradient.
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Against
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(T/F) Active transport requires ATP.
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True
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Allows body to concentrate substances.
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Active transport
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Used in the movement of polar substances like sugars, amino acids, sodium, potassium, calcium and hydrogen ions.
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Active transport
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"Cell drinking" by which a cell takes in molecules too large to otherwise enter.
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Pinocytosis
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An opening forms, envelops fluid, closes around a tiny droplet, and forms a vesicle of the package in ________.
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Pinocytosis
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(T/F) Pinocytosis requires ATP.
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True
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"Cell eating" by which a cell envelops a particle and forms a vesicle enclosing it.
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Phagocytosis
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(T/F) Phagocytosis requires ATP.
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True
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"Cell eating" but for very specific substances.
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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In Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis molecules called "___________" bind to the substance and initiate an endocytic process.
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Ligands
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(T/F) Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis requires ATP.
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True
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In ____________________ molecules called "ligands" bind to the substance and initiate an endocytic process.
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Recepter-Mediated Endocytosis
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The reverse of endocytosis, as a vesicle's contents are being expelled from the cell.
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Exocytosis
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Vesicle's contents are expelled from the cell in this process.
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Exocytosis
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The means by which the intestines and kidney tubules function.
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Transcytosis
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The series of changes and functional periods in the life of a cell.
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Cell cycle
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Part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and maintains its routine functions and contributes to the internal environment.
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Interphase
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In which phase of the cell cycle does no cell division activities take place?
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Interphase
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Interphase is divided into ____ phases based on the sequence of activities.
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Three
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(Interphase) During the G(1,2) phases, structures other than DNA are ____________. (G stands for gap)
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Synthesized
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(Interphase) During the G(1,2) phases, structures other than _____ are synthesized. (G stands for gap)
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DNA
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(Interphase) During the G(1,2) phases, structures other than DNA are synthesized. (G stands for ______)
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Gap
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(Interphase) During the S phase, DNA is _________. (S stands for synthesis)
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Replicated
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(Interphase) During the S phase, ______ is replicated. (S stands for synthesis)
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DNA
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(Interphase) During the S phase, DNA is replicated (S stands for _________)
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Synthesis
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Form of cell division that occurs in somatic (non sex) cells and produces two daughter cells.
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Mitosis
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Mitosis is a form of cell division that occurs in somatic (non sex) cells and produces ________________.
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Two Daughter Cells
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Mitosis (halves/duplicates) the chromosomes number.
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Duplicates
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Phase of the cell cycle. Condensation of the chromatin fibers into tightly coiled rods, called CHROMOSOMES consisting of two identical fibers called CHROMATIDS attached by a CENTROMERE.
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Early prophase
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Arranges the chromatin in such a fashion it can be separated during mitosis.
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Early Prophase
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Centrioles are positioned at the polar ends of the cell during this phase of mitosis.
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Late Prophase
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Microtubules are assembled to attach the centromeres to the centrioles during this phase of mitosis.
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Late Prophase
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Phase of mitosis in which the centrioles (which have recently replicated) migrate, in pairs, to opposite ends of the cell.
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Late Prophase
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Phase of mitosis where spindle fibers (microtubules) attach to the centrioles and centromeres.
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Metaphase
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Phase of mitosis where chromosomes move along spindle fibers (microtubules) and are aligned about midway between the centrioles.
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Metaphase
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Phase of mitosis in which the chromatids separate and now are considered individual chromosomes.
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Anaphase
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Final stage of mitosis.
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Telephase
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Phase of mitosis in which identical sets of chromosomes approach their respective centrioles and uncoil.
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Telephase
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Phase of mitosis in which the nuclear envelope forms around each chromosome set.
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Telephase
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Phase of mitosis in which microtubules disassemble into their original tubulin form and the nucleolus reappear in the nucleus.
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Telephase
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Cleavage furrow develops as the cell membrane constricts around the middle of the cell and pinches the cell into two complete daughter cells in this type of division.
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Cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis)
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External controls of cell division include _______ hormone and other factors.
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growth
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Internal controls of cell division include ________ and cyclins (intracellular protein substances)
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kinases
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Internal controls of cell division include kinases and ______ (intracellular protein substances).
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cyclins
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Unabated abnormal growth of a cell/tissue which may form a tumor.
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Neoplasm
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Disorganized mass caused from a neoplasm.
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Tumor
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Type of tumor which remains like a lump that does not invade further than its own boundaries.
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Benign
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Cancerous tumor that is quite invasive and reaches beyond its boundaries.
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Malignant
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Genes that normally hold mitosis in check.
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Suppressor genes
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Active genes that increase cell division.
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Oncogenes
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Sperm and egg combine to form the _________ which divides to form stem cells.
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Zygote
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Sperm and egg combine to form the ZYGOTE which divides to form ____________.
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Stem cells
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Stem cells differentiate into either two similar daughter cells or one stem cell and one _____________ cell.
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Progenitor cell
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Can produce every type of cell
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Totipotent
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Can produce several (not every) type of cell.
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Pluripotent
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