Chapter Thirteen: Renaissance And Reformation

Front 1

humanism

Back 1

an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance

Front 2

humanities

Back 2

subjects such as grammar, history, rhetoric, and poetry

Front 3

Petrarch

Back 3

Florence who built a library of the Classics

Front 4

Florence

Back 4

city in Italy ruled by the Medici family

Front 5

patron

Back 5

financial supporter of the arts

Front 6

perspective

Back 6

technique that allowed Renaissance painters to create more realistic art

Front 7

Leonardo

Back 7

painted the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper; successful at a variety of subjects

Front 8

Michelangelo

Back 8

sculptor and painter known as a melancholy genius; painted the Sistene Chapel in Rome

Front 9

Raphael

Back 9

his paintings blended classical and Christian styles; known for his paintings of the Madonna

Front 10

Baldassare Castiglione

Back 10

wrote The Book of the Courtier; described the ideal man and woman

Front 11

Niccolo Machiavelli

Back 11

wrote The Prince; stressed that the end justifies the means

Front 12

Johan Gutenberg

Back 12

inventor of the printing press

Front 13

Flanders

Back 13

center of the Northern Renaissance

Front 14

Albrecht Durer

Back 14

applied Italian techniques to the art of engraving

Front 15

engraving

Back 15

art made by etching a design on metal with acid, which is then used to make prints

Front 16

vernacular

Back 16

everyday language of ordinary people

Front 17

Erasmus

Back 17

Dutch priest and humanist; helped spread humanism to a wider public

Front 18

Thomas More

Back 18

English humanist who wrote Utopia

Front 19

utopian

Back 19

any society that is ideal

Front 20

Shakespeare

Back 20

English poet and playwright; considered to be a genius for all time

Front 21

indulgences

Back 21

sold to lessen the amount of time a soul would have to spend in purgatory

Front 22

Martin Luther

Back 22

monk who wrote the 95 Theses protesting actions of the Church

Front 23

Wittenberg

Back 23

City in Germany where Johan Tetzel was priest; start of the Reformation

Front 24

Charles V

Back 24

Holy Roman emperor who requested a meeting with Martin Luther

Front 25

diet

Back 25

assembly of German princes

Front 26

John Calvin

Back 26

Protestant reformer who established a theocracy in Geneva

Front 27

predestination

Back 27

the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

Front 28

Geneva

Back 28

Swiss city-state governed by Calvin's theocracy

Front 29

theocracy

Back 29

government run by church leaders

Front 30

sect

Back 30

religious group that has broken away from an established church

Front 31

Henry VIII

Back 31

made the break from the Catholic church in England; had six wives!

Front 32

Mary Tudor

Back 32

child of Henry VIII and his first wife; restored the Catholic church in England

Front 33

Thomas Cranmer

Back 33

appointed by Henry VIII to be the archbishop of the Church of England

Front 34

Elizabeth I

Back 34

as queen, had to determine the fate of the Church of England; instituted reforms that became compromises

Front 35

canonize

Back 35

to recognize as a saint

Front 36

compromise

Back 36

acceptable middle ground

Front 37

Council of Trent

Back 37

met to discuss reforms for the Catholic church

Front 38

Ignatius of Loyola

Back 38

Spanish knight who started the Jesuits

Front 39

Teresa of Avila

Back 39

nun who symbolized the renewal of intense Catholic faith

Front 40

ghetto

Back 40

separate quarter of a city in which Jews were forced to live

Front 41

Copernicus

Back 41

Polish scholar who proposed heliocentric theory

Front 42

heliocentric

Back 42

sun-centered model of the universe

Front 43

Brahe

Back 43

Danish astronomer who set up an observatory to prove Copernicus's theory

Front 44

Kepler

Back 44

calculated the orbit of the planets around the sun

Front 45

Galileo

Back 45

assembled an astronomical telescope; put on trial during the Inquisition and labeled a heretic

Front 46

Bacon

Back 46

Englishman who stressed experimentation and observation

Front 47

Descartes

Back 47

Frenchman who emphasized human reasoning as the best road to understanding

Front 48

scientific method

Back 48

step-by-step process of discovery

Front 49

hypothesis

Back 49

possible explanation

Front 50

Boyle

Back 50

explained that all matter was composed of particles

Front 51

Newton

Back 51

discovered the force of gravity

Front 52

gravity

Back 52

the single force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun

Front 53

calculus

Back 53

branch of mathematics used to explain Newton's laws