Chapter Summary Abdomen Brs

Front 1

Inguinal Triangle/Hasselbach's (borders)

Back 1

lateral edge of rectus abdominis, inferior epigastric vessels & inguinal ligament

(grants, 118)

Front 2

Superficial Inguinal Ring

Back 2

located in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique m and lies just lateral to the pubic tubercle

Front 3

Deep Inguinal Ring

Back 3

lies in the transversalis fascia, just lateral to the inferior epigastric vessels

Front 4

Inguinal Canal

Back 4

transmits the spermatic cord (or the round ligament of the uterus) and the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve

Front 5

Spermatic Cord (contents)

Back 5

ductus deferens, testicular, cremasteric & deferential arteries; pampiniform plexus of testicular veins; genital branch of the genitofemoral and cremasteric nerves; the testicular sympathetic plexus and lymph vessels

Front 6

Spermatic cord (covering)

Back 6

surrounded by the external spermatic fascia (derived from apo of external oblique), the cremasteric fascia (cremaster m & fascia) originating from internal oblique m, and the internal spermatic fascia from the transversalis fascia

Front 7

Median Umbilical Fold

Back 7

contains the fibrous remnant of the obliterated urachus (grants, 219)

Front 8

Medial Umbilical Fold

Back 8

contains remnants of obliterated umbilical artery (grants, 219)

Front 9

Lateral Umbilical Fold

Back 9

contains the inferior epigastric arteries (grants, p 219)

Front 10

Lesser Omentum

Back 10

contains R & L gastric vessels, it's right free margin forms the anterior wall of the epiploic foramen and contains the proper hepatic artery, bile duct and portal vein

Front 11

Greater Omentum

Back 11

contains the right and left gastroepiploic vessels

Front 12

mesentery proper

Back 12

AKA mesentery of the small intestine; contains the superior mesenteric vessels and its branches and tributaries

Front 13

Tranverse Mesocolon

Back 13

contains the middle colic vessels (grants, 126)

Front 14

Sigmoid Mesocolon

Back 14

contains the sigmoid vessels (sigmoid a from inferior mesenteric a)

Front 15

Mesoappendix

Back 15

contains the appendicular vessels (appendicular a from ileocolic a from superior mesenteric a)

Front 16

lienogastric (gastrosplenic) ligament

Back 16

contains short gastric and left gastroepiploic vessels

(grants 119,124)

Front 17

lienorenal (splenorenal) ligament

Back 17

contains splenic vessels and the tail of the pancreas

(grants 119, 124)

Front 18

falciform ligament

Back 18

contains ligamentum teres hepatis (the fibrous remnant of the left umbilical vein) and the paraumbilical vein

Front 19

Retroperitoneal organs & structures

Back 19

duodenum (2nd-4th parts), pancreas (except a small portion of its tail), ascending colon, descending colon, kidney, ureter, suprarenal gland, renal & suprarenal vessels, gonadal vessels, abdominal aorta, IVC

Front 20

Stomach (parts)

Back 20

cardiac, funduc, body, plyoric antrum, pyloric canal

Front 21

Rugae

Back 21

longitudinal folds form gastric canals along lesser curvature and direct fluid to the pylorus

Front 22

Small Intestine (parts)

Back 22

duodenum (4 parts: superior, descending, inferior, ascending), jejunum (proximal 2/5; larger diameter, thicker walled, tall & closely packed plica circularis); ileum (distal 3/5; more prominent arterial arcades, shorter vasa recta, Peyer's patches)

Front 23

Descending part of Duodenum (2nd part)

Back 23

contains greater papilla (opening of bile duct and main pancreatic duct) & lesser papilla (above greater)

Front 24

Suspensory Ligament of Treitz

Back 24

fixes duodenojejunal junction in place

Front 25

Large Intestine (parts)

Back 25

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum & anal canal

Front 26

Colon (parts)

Back 26

ascending & descending (retroperitoneal), transverse & sigmoid (surrounded by peritoneum)

Front 27

Ascending and Transverse Colons (blood & nerve supply)

Back 27

superior mesenteric artery & vagus nerve

Front 28

Descending and Sigmoid Colons (blood & nerve supply)

Back 28

inferior mesenteric artery & pelvic splanchnic nerves

Front 29

Characteristics of the Colons

Back 29

teniae coli, haustra, epiploic appendages

Front 30

McBurney's point

Back 30

occurs at the junction of the lateral one third of the line between the right ASIS and umbilicus; base of appendix lies beneath this point

Front 31

Liver (general functions)

Back 31

bile production & secretion, detoxification, storage of carbs as glycogen, storage of vitamins, iron, copper; protein synthesis; production of heparin and bile pigments

Front 32

Visceral Surface of Liver (H shaped group of fissures)

Back 32

fissure for: ligamentum teres hepatis, ligamentum venosum, gallbladder & IVC & porta hepatis (transverse fissure btw quadrate & caudate lobes)

Front 33

Portal Triad

Back 33

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct (nerves & lymph)

Front 34

Gallbladder (location)

Back 34

junction of right ninth cosatl cartilage & lateral border of the rectus abdominis

Front 35

Gallbladder (function)

Back 35

receives bile, concentrates it, stores it and releases it

Front 36

Gallbladder (blood supply)

Back 36

receives blood from cystic artery (from right hepatic artery) w/in cystohepatic traingle (of Calot)

Front 37

Cystohepatic triangle (of Calot)

Back 37

formed by the visceral surface of the liver, the cystic duct & the common hepatic duct

(grants, 152)

Front 38

Pancreas (location, function)

Back 38

retroperitoneal except for part of tail (in lienorenal ligament); exocrine gland (digestive enzymes) & endocrine gland (secretes insulin, glucagon, somatostatin)

Front 39

Bile Passage (formation of bile duct)

Back 39

right and left hepatic ducts combine to form common hepatic duct; common hepatic joins w cystic to form bile uct; bile duct merges w main pancreatic duct at greater papilla to form hepatopancreatic ampulla of Vater

Front 40

Spleen (composition & function)

Back 40

composed of white pulp (lymph tissue) & red pulp (venous sinusoids); hematopoeitic early in life, later destroys aged or worn-out RBCs; filters blood, stores blood & platelets, produces lymphocytes & antibodies

Front 41

Breakdown of Hemoglobin in Spleen

Back 41

Hb is broken down into (a) globin (protein part) which is hydrolyzed and released as AA, (b) iron, which is released and reused in bone marrow in erythropoiesis, (c) iron-free heme, which is metabolized to bilirubin & excreted

Front 42

Celiac Trunk

Back 42

arises from abdominal aorta; divides into left gastric, splenic and common hepatic arteries

(grants, 130)

Front 43

Common Hepatic Artery

Back 43

from celiac trunk; divides into proper hepatic (then divides into R, L; R gives off cystic) and gastroduodenal arteries

Front 44

Gastroduodenal Artery

Back 44

from Common Hepatic Artery off Celiac Trunk; divides into superior pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic

Front 45

Splenic artery

Back 45

branch of Celiac Trunk; gives off dorsal pancreatic, left gastroepiploic & short gastric arteries

Front 46

Superior Mesenteric Artery

Back 46

gives off pancreaticoduodenal artery, middle colic artery to transverse colon, right colic artery to ascending colon, ileocolic artery and jejunal & ileal arteries

(grants 135,140)

Front 47

Inferior Mesenteric Artery

Back 47

gives rise to left colic, sigmoid and superior rectal arteries

Front 48

Portal Vein

Back 48

formed by the union of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein; receives right and left gastric veins

(grants, 160)

Front 49

Portal-Caval (systemic) anastomoses

Back 49

occur between (a) left gastric vein and esophageal vein of azygos vein; (b) superior rectal vein and middle & inferior rectal veins; (c) paraumbilical veins and radicles of the epigastric veins; (d) retrocolic veins and twigs of the renal, suprarenal & gonadal veins

(grants, 161)

Front 50

kidney (location)

Back 50

retroperitoneal; extends from T12 to L3, the R lower than L; invested by fibrous renal capsule and surrounded by renal fascia

Front 51

perirenal fat

Back 51

between renal capsule and renal fascia

Front 52

pararenal fat

Back 52

lies external to the renal fascia

Front 53

Kidney (parts)

Back 53

medulla & cortex, contains 1-2 million nephrons

Front 54

Nephron

Back 54

each consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus & glomerular/Bowman's capsule), a proximal convoluted tubule, Henle's loop, and a distal convoluted tubule

Front 55

kidney (function)

Back 55

produces and excretes urine, maintains electrolyte balance and pH, produces vasoactive substances (angiotensin II) that regulat bp

Front 56

cortex of kidney

Back 56

contains renal corpuscles and proximal and distal convoluted tubules

Front 57

medulla of kidney

Back 57

consists of 8-12 renal pyramids which contain Henle's loop and collecting ducts; apex of renal pyramid = renal papilla opens to minor calyx

Front 58

minor calyces

Back 58

receive urine from collecting tubules and empty into major calyces which empty into renal pelvis

Front 59

right renal artery

Back 59

arises from abdominal aorta, is longer and lower than L, passes post to IVC

Front 60

left renal artery

Back 60

arises from ab aorta, passes posterior to left renal vein

Front 61

ureter

Back 61

muscular tube extends from kidney to urinary bladder; may be obstructed by renal calculi where it joins the renal pelvis, where it crosses pelvic brim or where it enters the urinary bladder

Front 62

suprarenal (adrenal) gland

Back 62

retroperitoneal superomedial to kidney; surrounded by capsule and renal fascia; cortex produces steroid hormones, medulla produces epi & nepi

Front 63

blood supply to adrenal gland

Back 63

superior suprarenal artery from inferior phrenic a; middle suprarenal artery from ab aorta; inferior suprarenal artery from renal artery

Front 64

venous drainage of suprarenal gland

Back 64

drained via suprarenal vein which empties to IVC on right and renal vein on left

Front 65

venous drainage in posterior abdomen

Back 65

suprarenal and gonadal drain into IVC on right; into left renal vein on left; azygos is connected to IVC on right; hemiazygos is connected to renal vein on Left

Front 66

cistern chyli

Back 66

lower dilated end of thoracic duct and lies just right and posterior to the aorta, usually btw crura of diaphragm; formed by intestinal and lumbar lymph trunks

Front 67

diaphragm

Back 67

inserts in central tendon; principle m of INspiration; receives motor supply from phrenic (C345 keep d alive); central receives sensory from phrenic, outer part sensory from intercostal n

Front 68

diaphragmatic openings

Back 68

vena cava hiatus at T8; esophagus at T10; aorta at T12

Front 69

vena caval hiatus

Back 69

transmits IVC and R phrenic nerve

Front 70

esophageal hiatus

Back 70

lies in muscular part of diaphragm; transmits eso, vagus nerve

Front 71

aortic hiatus

Back 71

transmits aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein, sometimes greater splanchnic nerve

Front 72

Sympathetic stimulation to GI

Back 72

inhibits motility and secretion; contracts sphincters

Front 73

Parasympathetic stimulation to GI

Back 73

stimulates motility and secretion; relaxes sphincters

Front 74

sympathetic to adrenal

Back 74

promotes epi and norepi secretion

Front 75

sympathetic to Kidney

Back 75

constricts renal arteries, reducing urine formation

Front 76

parasympathetic to kidney

Back 76

may cause vasodilation of renal vascular bed