Chapter One

Front 1

Ribosomes

Back 1

site of protein synthesis in cytoplasm.

Front 2

Nucleolus

Back 2

produces ribosomes inside the nucleus

Front 3

ER

Back 3

site of ribosome attachment; can be smooth or rough

Front 4

cell membrane

Back 4

projections that allow the cell to move or to move substances along the surface of the cell

Front 5

Seven properties of all living things

Back 5

1. Order

2. Regulation

3. Energy processing

4. Growth and development

5. Reproduction

6. Response to environment

7. Evolutionary adaptation

Front 6

tissue

Back 6

group of cells functioning together to carry out a physiologic process. Tissues get organized into organs.

Front 7

Organs

Back 7

More than one tissue working together to carry out a physiologic process. Organs get organized into organ systems.

Front 8

Organ Systems

Back 8

multiple organs working together.

Front 9

Cellular Organization

Back 9

Atoms>>Molecules>>Macromolecules>>Organelles>>Cell

Front 10

Organismal Organization

Back 10

Cell>>Tissue>>Organ>>Organ System>>Organism

Front 11

Populational Organization

Back 11

Organism>>Population>>Species>>Community>>Ecosystem

Front 12

Organism

Back 12

An individual living thing consisting of one or more things. Within this living thing you have larger levels of organizations.

Front 13

A populations

Back 13

All the individuals of one species living in a specific geographic area.

Front 14

Community

Back 14

All individuals of all the species living in a specific geographic area.

Front 15

Ecosystem

Back 15

All the communities plus non-living components of a specific geographic area. Your intestinal system is an ecosystem.

Front 16

Emergent properties

Back 16

All living things exhibit. Properties not present at simpler levels of organization. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.

Front 17

Reductionism

Back 17

The reduction of complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Front 18

Systems Biology

Back 18

A system is a combination of components that function together.

Front 19

Reductionism vs. Systems Biology

Back 19

Reductionism would say take drugs to combat problem. Systems biology would say, we must look at how the drug will affect other organs.

Front 20

Why talk about evolution?

Back 20

~Makes sense of everything we know about biology

~Organisms are modified decedents of common ancestors.

~Explains patterns of unity and diversity among living organisms.

~Explains similar traits among organisms by decent from common ancestors.

~ differences among organisms are explained by the accumulation of heritable changes.

Front 21

Taxonomy

Back 21

Branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth. Organize/label

Domains followed by kingdoms are the broadest units of classification.

Front 22

The Three Domains

Back 22

Domain Bacteria, Domain Archaea, and Domain Eukarya.

~Bacteria (oldest lineage) and Archaea compose prokaryotes.

~Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotic organisms.

Front 23

Prokaryotes

Back 23

Most are single celled, microscopic, and have no nucleus.

Front 24

Domain Eukarya

Back 24

Includes three multicellular organisms.

1. Plants which produce their own food through photosynthesis.

2. Fungi which absorb nutrients

3. Animals which ingest their own food

Front 25

Unity Among Organisms

Back 25

DNA is the universal genetic language common to all organisms.

Unity is evident in many features of a cell structure (cell membranes).

Front 26

Theory of Natural Selection

Back 26

Darwin 1859~Published The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.

~Species showed evidence of "decent with modification"

~Natural selection is the mechanism behind decent with modification

Darwin's Theory explains the duality of unity and diversity.

Alfred Russel Wallace

Front 27

Darwins Observations

Back 27

1. Individuals in population vary in traits, many of which are heritable.

2. More offspring are produced than can survive, and competition is inevitable.

3. Species generally suit their environment

Front 28

Darwins Inferences

Back 28

Individuals that are best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduceOver time, more individuals in a population will have the advantageous traitsEvolution occurs as the unequal reproductive success of individualsIn other words, the environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traitsDarwin called this process natural selection

Front 29

How does the use of antibiotics lead to the evolution of antibiotic resistance?

Back 29

Sick bacteria>>Antibiotics kill off all sensitive cells>>One bad cell survives and reproduces

Antibiotics shed cell wall

Front 30

Scientific Method 6 things

Back 30

Question>>Hypothesis>>Collect Data>>Interpret Results & Review Hypothesis>>Peer Review>>Publish Findings

Front 31

Theory

Back 31

Hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and supported by overwhelming evidence.

Front 32

Systems Biology

Back 32

The exploration of the network of interactions that underlie the emergent properties of a system.

Front 33

Gene

Back 33

A section of DNA that encodes the information necessary to build a molecule synthesized within the cell.

Front 34

Energy usually enters an ecosystem as ________ and exits as _________.

Back 34

light, heat

Front 35

deductive reasoning

Back 35

Reasoning from a general premise to a specific result we should expect if the premises are true.

Front 36

In a controlled experiment, the factor being measured that is predicted to be affected by the factor manipulated by the researchers.

Back 36

Dependent variable