Chapter One

Front 1

Forensic Science

Back 1

The application of science to the criminal and civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in a criminal justice system

Front 2

11 Sections of the Academy of Forensics

Back 2

Criminalistics

Digital and Multimedia Science

Engineering Science

General

Jurisprudence

Odontology

Pathology/Biology

Physical Anthropology

Psychiatry/Behavioral Science

Question Documents

Toxicology

Front 3

CSI effect

Back 3

The belief that every crime scene will yield forensic evidence and that the process goes quicker than it does

Front 4

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

Back 4

Had considerable influence on popularizing scientific crime detection methods through his books about Sherlock Holmes. Applied principles of serology, fingerprinting, firearm identification and question document long before their value was 1st recognized by real life criminal investigators. Described methods of scientific detection before they were actually discovered and implemented.

Front 5

Mathieu Orfila

Back 5

Father of toxicology

Front 6

Francis Galton

Back 6

Undertook the 1st definitive study of fingerprints and developed a methodology of classifying them for filing.

Front 7

Henry

Back 7

Furthered Galton's work and made it more involved and better

Front 8

Leone Lattes

Back 8

Developed a procedure for determining the blood group of a dried blood stain

Front 9

Calvin Goddard

Back 9

Established the comparison microscope for examining firearms

Front 10

Albert Osborn

Back 10

Developed fundamental principles of document examination

Front 11

Walter McCrone

Back 11

Used microscopy in conjunction with other analytical methodologies.

Front 12

Hans Gross

Back 12

Wrote 1st treatsie describing the application of scientific disciplines to the field of criminal investigation.

Front 13

Edmond Locard

Back 13

Exchange Principle

Front 14

Locard's Exchange Principle

Back 14

When a person come in contact with an object or person cross transfer of materials occur. Maintained that every criminal can be connected to a crime by dust particles

Front 15

FBI

Back 15

J. Edgar Hoover organized a national lab that offered forensic services to all law enforcement agencies in 1932. Now world's largest forensic lab

Front 16

LAPD

Back 16

Oldest forensic lab created in 1923 by August Vollmer

Front 17

British Home Office

Back 17

Recognized the country's 1st forensic lab in the early 1990's

Front 18

Canada

Back 18

Forensics services are provided by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, Centre of Forensic Sciences in Toronto and Institute of Legal Medicene and Police Science in Montreal

Front 19

Federal Labs

Back 19

FBI: Largest and located in Quantico, Virgina

DEA: Analyze drugs

ATF: Alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives. Enforce gun control

U.S. Postal Service: Check packages

Front 20

State Labs

Back 20

Operate as a statewide system and provide services to most of the state. System with multiple labs

Front 21

Local Labs

Back 21

Provide services to county and municipal agencies. Operate independently of the state. Serves one specific area.

Front 22

Basic Services of a Crime Lab

Back 22

Physical Science

Biology

Firearms

Document Examination

Photography

Front 23

Physical Science

Back 23

Chemistry, physics, and geology. May examine drugs, glass, paint, explosives and soil

Front 24

Biology

Back 24

DNA profiling on substances. Compare hair and fibers and identify and compare botanical materials.

Front 25

Firearms

Back 25

Examine firearms, bullets, cartridge cases, shotgun shells and ammunition. Examine garments to detect residue and approximate angle shot was fired.

Front 26

Document Examination

Back 26

Studies handwriting and typewriting. Analyze paper, ink and indention.

Front 27

Photography

Back 27

Examines and records physical evidence. May use digital imaging, infrared, UV and x-ray. Prepares photographic exhibits for court

Front 28

Optional Services of a Crime Lab

Back 28

Toxicology

Latent Fingerprints

Polygraph

Voice print analysis

Crime Scene Investigation

Front 29

Toxicology

Back 29

Examines bodily fluids and organs to determine the presence or absence of drugs or poisons.

Front 30

Latent Fingerprints

Back 30

Process and examines latent fingerprints. Prints that cannot be seen.

Front 31

Polygraph

Back 31

Perform polygraph tests

Front 32

Voice Print Analysis

Back 32

Telephone threats or tape recorded messages.

Front 33

Crime Scene Investigation

Back 33

Dispatches specially trained personnel to the crime scene to collect evidence.

Front 34

Importance of Physical Evidence

Back 34

Physical evidence must undergo scientific inquiry. The underlying principles of the scientific method provides a safety net to ensure that the outcome of the investigation is not tainted by human emotion or compromised by distorting, belittling or ignoring contrary evidence

Front 35

Scientific Method

Back 35

A process that uses strict guidelines to ensure careful and systematic collection, organization and analysis of information

Front 36

Frye V. U.S.

Back 36

James Frye was charged with killing a physician and was found guilty. Appealed and blood pressure exam was done and found him innocent. Judge threw the testimony out because there was no acceptance of polygraphs at the time. Court must decide whether the questioned procedure, technique or principle is generally accepted by a meaningful segment of the relevant scientific community.

Front 37

Daubert V. Merrel Dow Pharmaceuticals

Back 37

Daubert claimed medications were addictive and caused birth defects in her unborn twins. Scientist performed invivo and invitro tests and concluded that it could cause birth defects. Trial judge has final say on scientific admissability

Front 38

Guidelines for judging admission

Back 38

Scientific technique or theory can be tested and had been subject to peer review or publication.

Technique's potential rate of error should be low.

Existence and maintenance of standards controlling the technique's operation

Should have a widespread acceptance in the scientific community.

Front 39

Kunho Tire Co., LTd. V. Carmichael

Back 39

Ruled that the role of trial judge also applies to all expert testimony

Front 40

Expert Witness

Back 40

Can testify an opinion based on experience, education, training, professional articles or books or years of experience.

Front 41

Lay Witness

Back 41

Must testify on events or observations that arise from personal knowledge. Must be factual and cannot contain opinions

Front 42

Forensic Psychiatry

Back 42

Relationship between human behavior and legal proceedings is examined. Used for civil and criminal litigations. For civil cases, they decide if people are competent to make decisions. Evaluate behavioral disorders in criminal cases.

Front 43

Forensic Odontology

Back 43

Identify the body when it is left unrecognizable using teeth and and dental records

Front 44

Forensic Engineering

Back 44

Concerned with failure analysis, accident reconstruction and causes and origins of fires or explosions

Front 45

Forensic Computer and Digital Analysis

Back 45

Includes identification collection, preservation and examination of information derived from computers and other digital devices. Involves recovery of deleted data and tracking hacking activities.