Computerized Accounting Ch.1

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informationsystem (IS)

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A set of interrelated components that collect, manipulate,store, and disseminate data and information and provide a feedback mechanism tomeet an objective.

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data

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Raw facts, such as an employee number, total hoursworked in a week, inventory part numbers, or sales orders.

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information

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A collection of facts organized and processed sothat they have additional value beyond the value of the individual facts.

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process

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A set of logically related tasks performed toachieve a defined outcome.

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knowledge

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The awareness and understanding of a set ofinformation and ways that information can be made useful to support a specifictask or reach a decision

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system

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A set of elements or components that interact toaccomplish goals.

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efficiency

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A measure of what is produced divided by what isconsumed.

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effectiveness

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Ameasure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals; it can be computedby dividing the goals actually achieved by the total of the stated goals.

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input

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The activity of gathering and capturing raw data.

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processing

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Converting or transforming data into useful outputs.

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output

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Production of useful information, usually in the formof documents and reports.

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feedback

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Output that is used to make changesto input or processing activities

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forecasting

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Predicting future events to avoid problems.

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computer-based information system (CBIS)

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computer-based information system (CBIS) A single set ofhardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures thatare confi gured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data intoinformation.

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technology infrastructure

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All the hardware, software,databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are confi gured tocollect, manipulate, store, and process data into information.

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hardware

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Computer equipment used to perform input,processing, and output activities.

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software

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The computer programs that govern the operation ofthe computer.

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database

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An organized collection of facts and information.

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telecommunications

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The electronic transmission of signalsfor communications; enables organizations to carry out their processes andtasks through effective computer networks.

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networks

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Computers and equipment that are connected in abuilding, around the country, or around the world to enable electroniccommunications.

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procedures

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The strategies, policies, methods, and rules forusing a CBIS.

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Internet

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The world’s largest computer network, consisting ofthousands of interconnected networks, all freely exchanging information.

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intranet

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An internal network based on Web technologies that allows people within anorganization to exchange information and work on projects.

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extranet

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A network based on Web technologies that allowsselected outsiders, such as business partners and customers, to accessauthorized resources of a company’s intranet.

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e-commerce

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Any business transaction executed electronicallybetween companies (business-to-business, or B2B), companies and consumers(business-to-consumer, or B2C), consumers and other consumers(consumer-to-consumer, or C2C), business and the public sector, and consumersand the public sector.

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mobile commerce (m-commerce)

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The use of mobile, wirelessdevices to place orders and conduct business.

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electronic business (e-business)

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electronic business (e-business) Using information systemsand the Internet to perform all business related tasks and functions.

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transaction processing system (TPS)

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An organized collectionof people, procedures, software, databases, and devices used to recordcompleted business transactions.

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enterprise resource planning (ERP) system

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A set ofintegrated programs that manages the vital business operations for an entireorganization.

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management information system (MIS)

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An organized collectionof people, procedures, software, databases, and devices that provides routineinformation to managers and decision makers.

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decision support system (DSS)

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An organized collection ofpeople, procedures, software, databases, and devices that supportproblem-specific decision making.

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artificial intelligence (AI)

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A field in which the computer system takes on the characteristics of human intelligence.

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expert systems

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A system that gives a computer the ability to make suggestions and function like an expert in a particular field.

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virtual reality

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The simulation of a real or imagined environment that can be experienced visually in three dimensions.

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organization

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A formal collection of people and other resources established to accomplish a set of goals.

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value chain

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A series (chain) of activities that includes inbound logistics, warehouse and storage, production, finished product storage, outbound logistics, marketing and sales, and customer service.

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organizationalstructure

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Organizational subunits and the way they relate to the overall organization.

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traditionalorganizational structure

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An organizational structure in which the hierarchy of decision making and authority fl ows from the strategic management at the top down to operational management and nonmanagement employees.

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flat organizational structure

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An organizational structure with a reduced number of management layers. empowerment Giving employees and their managers more responsibility and authority to make decisions, take certain actions, and have more control over their jobs.

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projectorganizational structure

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A structure centred on major products or services.

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team organizational structure

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A structure centred on work teams or groups.

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virtual organizational structure

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A structure that uses individuals, groups, or complete business units in geographically dispersed areas.

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culture

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A set of major understandings and assumptions sharedby a group.

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organizational culture

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The major understandings and assumptions for a business, corporation, or other organization.

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organizational change

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How for-profit and non-profit organizations plan for,implement, and handle change.

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changemodel

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A representation of change theories that identifi es the phases of change and the best way to implement them

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re-engineering (process redesign)

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Theradical redesign of business processes, organizational structures, informationsystems, and values of the organization to achieve a breakthrough in businessresult.

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organizational learning

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The adaptations to new conditions or alterations of organizational practices over time.

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continuous improvement

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Constantly seeking ways to improve business processes to add value to products and services.

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technology acceptance model (TAM)

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A model that describes the factors leading to higher levels of acceptance and usage of technology.

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technologydiffusion

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A measure of how widely technology is spread throughout the organization

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technology infusion

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The extent to which technology is deeplyintegrated into an area or department.

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quality

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The ability of a product or service to meet or exceed customer expectations.

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outsourcing

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Contracting with outside professional services to meet specific business needs.

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on-demand computing

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Contracting for computer resources to rapidly respond to an organization’s varying workflow. Also called on-demand business and utility computing.

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downsizing

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Reducing the number of employees to cut costs

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competitive advantage

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A significant and ideally long-term benefit to a company over its competition.

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five-forces model

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A widely accepted model that identifies five key factors that can lead to attainment of competitive advantage: (1) the rivalry among existing competitors, (2) the threat of new entrants, (3) the threat of substitute products and services, (4) the bargaining power of buyers, and (5) the bargaining power of suppliers.

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strategic alliance (or strategicpartnership)

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An agreement between two or more companies that involves the joint production and distribution of goods and services.

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productivity

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A measure of the output achieved divided by the input required.

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return on investment (ROI)

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One measure of IS value that investigates the additional profits or benefits that are generated as a percentage of the investment in IS technology

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total cost of ownership (TCO)

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The sum of all costs over the life of an information system, including the costs to acquire components such as the technology, technical support, administrative costs, and end-user operations.