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65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Developmental psychology
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The study of how people grow, mature, and change over the life span
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Cross sectional study
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A method of developmental research in which people of different ages are tested and compared
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Longitudinal Study
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A method of develomental research in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
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Zygote
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A fertilized egg that undergoes a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
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Embryo
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The developing human organism, from two weeks to two months after conceptions
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fetus
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The developing human organism, from nine weeks after conception to birth
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Teratogens
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Toxic substances that can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development
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Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
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A specific pattern of birth defects (stunted growth, facial deformity, and mental retardation) often found in the offspring of alcoholic mothers
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Recovery
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Following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli)
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Grasping reflex
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In infants, an automatic tendency to grasp an object that stimulates the palm
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Rooting reflex
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In response to contact on the cheek, an infant's tendency to turn toward the stimulus and open its mouth.
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Schemas
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In Piaget's theory, mental representations of the world tt guide the processes of assimilation and accomodation
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Assimilation
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In piaget's theory the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information
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Sensorimotor stage
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Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, from birth to two years old, when infants come to know the world through their own actions
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Object permanence
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Developing at six to eight months, an awaremess that objects continue to exist after they disappear from view.
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Separation anxiety
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Among infants with object permanence, a fear reaction to the absence of their primary caretaker
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Preoperations stage
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Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, when two to six year olds become capable of reasoning in an intuitive, prelogical manner.
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Egocentric
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Self-centered, unable to adopt the other the perspective of another person
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Conversation
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The concept that physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in appearance
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Concrete operational Stage
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Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, when children become capable of logical reasoning
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Formal operational stage
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Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, when adolescents become capable of logic and abstract thought
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Imprinting
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Among newly hatched ducks and geese, an instinctive tendency to follow the mother
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Critical period
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A period of time during which an organism must be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper development to occur
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Attachment
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A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker
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Strange-situation Test
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A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment
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Secure attachment
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A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.
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Insecure attachment
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A P/I relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or empathy to reunion
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Adolescence
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The period of life from puberty to adulthood, corresponding roughly to the ages of thirteen and twenty
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Puberty
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The onset of adolescence as evidenced by rapid growth, rising levels of sex hormones, and sexual maturity
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Menarche
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A girl's first menstrual period
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moral reasoning
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The way people think about and try to solve moral dilemmas
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empathy
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A feeling of joy for others who are happy and distress for those who are in pain
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identity crisis
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An adolescent's struggle to establish a personal identity, or self-concept
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Life Span
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the maximum age possible for members of a given species
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Life expectancy
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The number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live
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menopause
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The end of menstruation and fertility
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Alzheimer's disease
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A progressive brain disorder that strikes older people, causing memory loss and other symptoms
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Fluid inteligence
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A form of intelligence that involves the ability to reason logically and abstractly
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Crystallized intelligence
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A form of intelligence that reflects the accumulation of verbal skills and factual knowledge
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Social Clock
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A set of cultural expectations concerning the most appropriate age for men and women to leave home, marry, start a career, have children, and retire
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intelligence
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The capacity to learn from experience and adapt successfully to one's environment
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mental age
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In an intelligence test, the average age of the children who achieve a certain level of performance
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Stanford-Binet
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An American version of Binet's intelligence test that yeilds an IQ score with an average of 100.
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Intelligence quotient
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Originally defined as the ratio of the mental age to chronological age, it now represents a person's performance relative to same-age peers.
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Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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The most widely used IQ test for adults, it yeilds seperate scores for verbal and performance subtests
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Standardization
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the procedure by which existing norms are used to interpret an individual's test score
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Reliablity
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The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or using alternative forms
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Test-retest reliablilty
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The degree to which a test yeilds consistent results when readministered at a later time
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Split half-reliability
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The degree to which alternate forms of a test yeild consistent results
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Validity
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The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is designed to do
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Content validity
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The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure
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Criterion Validity
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The extent to which a test can predict a concurrent or future outcome
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General intelligence (g)
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A broad intellectual-ability factor used to explain why performances on different intelligence test items are often correlated
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Factor analysis
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A statistical technique used to identify clusters of test items that correlate with one another
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multiple intelligences
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Gardner's theory that there are seven types of intelligence (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal)
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prodigy
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Someone who is highly precocious in a specific domain of endeavor
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Idiot savant
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Someone who is mentally retarded but is extrordinarily talented in some ways
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Triarchic thoery of intelligence
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Sternberg's thoery that there are three kinds of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical
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Creativity
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Intellectual and motivational processes that lead to novel solutions, ideas, artistic forms, or products
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Divergent thinking
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The ability to think flexibly and entertain a wide range of possible solutions
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practical intelligence
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The ablilty to size up new situations and adapt to real life demands
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Project Head Start
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A preschool intellectual-enrichment program for children born of poor families
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Mental retardation
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A diagnostic category used for people with IQ scores below 70 who have difficulty adapting to the routine demands of life
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
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The idea that a person's expectation can lead to its own fulfullment (as in the effect of a teacher expectations on student performance)
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Stereotype threat
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The tendency for positive and negative performance stereotypes about a group to influence its members when they are tested in the stereotyped domain
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