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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the term prokaryotic mean?
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pro = before, karyote = nucleus so before nucleus
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What does the term eukaryotic mean?
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eu = true, karyote = nucleus, so eukaryotic = true nucleus
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a single circular chromosome?
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prokaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane?
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eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have organelles?
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eukaryotes
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have cell walls made out of polysaccharides?
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eukaryotes
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Describe the cell walls of prokaryotes
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peptidoglycan cell walls fo rbacteria / pseudomin cell walls in archae
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How do prokaryotes reproduce?
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Via binary fission
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have a mitotic spindle?
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eukaryotes
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Is a mitotic spindle characteristic of an organism classified as a prokaryote or eukaryote?
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eukaryote
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What is the average size of a prokaryote?
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very small (0.2-1.0 um)
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Do prokaryotes or eukaryotes have paired chromosomes?
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eukaryotes
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What is monomorphic morphology?
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It means that there is only one type of shape.
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What is pleomorphic morphology?
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It means that there are many types of shapes
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What are the three basic shapes of bacteria?
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bacillus (rod-shaped), coccus (spherical), spiral (spirillium, vibrio, spirochete). The fourth type is classified as "unusual shapes."
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What does bacillus mean?
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rod-shaped
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What does coccus mean?
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spherical
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What are the basic cellular arrangements of bacteria?
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pairs (diplo-), clusters (staphlo-), and chains (strepto-)
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Describe what you would expect a diplococci to look like.
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Diplococci = two spherical, so I would expect two round circular shaped bacteria
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Describe what you would expect streptobacilli to look like.
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Streptobacilli = chains of rod-shaped bacteria.
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Describe what you would expect staphlobacillus to look like
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staphlobacillus = clusters of rod-shaped bacteria
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What is glycocalyx?
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outside the cell wall, usually sticky, capsule neatly organized versus an unorganized slime layer, extracellular polysaccharide that allows starch to attach, the capsules preent phagocytosis (WBC)
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What is prokaryotic flagella and its properties?
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outside the cell wall, made of chains called flagellin. attached by a protein hook. anchored to cell wall/membrane by the basal body. used for motility
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What are the different bacterial flagella arrangements?
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peritrichous (all over the body), monotrichous and polar (flagella on one end), lophorichous and polar (at one end there are several flagella) and amphitrichous and polar (on both poles).
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What is peritrichous?
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several flagella located anywhere on body, non-polar
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What is monotrichous?
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a single flagella that is on one end
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What is lophorichous?
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flagellum (plural) that is on one end
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What is amphitrichous and polar?
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flagella that are on both poles
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How does bacteria move?
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run and tumble mechanism: (rotate flagella, moves towards or away from stimuli (taxis), flagella proteins are H antigens )
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What is an axial filament?
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only present in spirochetes, anchored at one end of the cell, rotation causes cells to move. Figure 4.10a
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What is another word for axial filament?
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endoflagella
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What is fimbriae?
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fimbriae are very short and are used for attachment
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what is pili?
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used for motility, has a "gliding and twitching" motion. Pili can facilitate transfer of DNA from one cell to another .
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What is peptidoglycan and its structure?
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the material that cell walls are made of. polymer of disaccharide, linked by polypeptides, 2 repeating units
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What is a gram positive cell wall and its composition?
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thick peptidoglycan, techoic acid material
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What is a gram negative cell wall and its composition?
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thin peptidoglycan, periplasmic space
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What is gram negative outer membrane and its composition?
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lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, phospholipids. Protection from phagocytes, complement and antibiotics. Polysaccharide antigen. Lipid A is an endotoxin. Porins form channels through the membrane.
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How does lysozyme work?
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It digests disaccharide in peptidoglycan
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How does penicillin work?
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It inhibits peptide bridges in peptidoglycan .
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What are protoplasts?
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wall-less gram positive cells that are susceptible to osmotic lysis.
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What are spheroblasts?
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gram negative cells with cellular contents, cell membrane and remaining outer cell wall layer
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What are L-forms?
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wall-less cells that swell into irregular shapes (when placed in a solution).
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What are the basic steps of gram staining?
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1. crystal violet iodine crystals form in cells (CV = purple)
2. Use iodine = mordant 3. Decolarizing agent (example: acetone) applied 4. A counterstain = saffarin is applied If the outcome is purple, that means that the alcohol has dehydrated the peptidoglycan so the bacteria is GRAM + . If the outcome is light pink/red then the alcohol has dissolved the outer membrane, indicating the bacteria is GRAM -. |
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What material characterizes gram positive cell walls?
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techoic acid.
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What material characterizes gram negative cell walls?
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an extra outer membrane layer
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What are three types of atypical cell walls?
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acid-fast, mycoplasma, and pseudomurein
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What characterizes acid-fast cell walls?
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they are like gram positive cell walls, waxy-lipid known as mycolic acid is bound to the peptidogylcan layer. Mycobacterium display this type of cell wall.
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What characterizes mycoplasma cell walls?
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No cell wall persay, sterols in the plasma membrane!
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What characterizes the cell walls MADE OF PSEUDOMUREIN?
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They lack NAM and D-amino acids.
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What are the components of the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane characterized by?
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has a phospholipid bilayer, peripheral proteins, integral proteins and transmembrane proteins.
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What does it mean to say that the plasma membrane is a "fluid mosaic model?"
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The membrane is viscous, proteins move to function.
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What do alcohols, detergens and polymxin antibiotics do to a cell membrane?
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cause leakage and eventual cell death
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What is simple diffusion?
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The movement of a SOLUTE from an area of high concentration to low concentration WITHOUT the use of energy.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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When solute combines with a transporter protein. No energy needed, solute traveling from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
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What is the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
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Facilitated diffusion requires the use of a transporter protein.
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What is aquaporins?
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water channels. proteins that allow water to cross the mebrane.
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What ways can water move in and out of a cell?
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via phospholipids or aquaporins
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What is active transport?
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Requires transporter protein and ATP. Cell can transport solutes against its concentration gradient (from low concentration of solute to high concentration of solution)
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What is group translocation?
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Requires a transporter protein and PEP (phosphoenolpyruvic acid). Transported material is chemically altered to prevent its movement out of cell.
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What type of transport chemically alters the transported material?
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group translocation
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What is osmosis?
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The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from a HIGH CONCENTRATION OF WATER (meaning a low concentration of solute) to a LOW CONCENTRATION OF WATER (meaning a high concentration of solute). It is a form of PASSIVE transport (meaning it doesn't require the use of energy).
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What is osmotic pressure?
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The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across a cell membrane.
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How can a cell stop osmosis?
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By applying osmotic pressure
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What occurs when a cell is placed in an isotonic solution?
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Nothing happens to the cell. The same amount of water is leaving the cell as is coming in. There is no net movement of water. Example of isotonic solution = saline solution.
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What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution?
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Water moves into the cell, and the cell may lyse (burst). Water moves from hypo to hyper. In this case, the solution has a higher concentration of water and a lower concentration of solutes than the cell, so water moves from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water, so water will move into the cell.
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What occurs when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution?
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Water moves out of the cell and the cell might shrink (plasmolysis).
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What is cytoplasm?
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The substance inside the plasma membrane.
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What is cytosol?
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The fluid portion of cytoplasm, similar to solution, liquid/gel-like.
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What is a nucleoid?
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a bacterial chromosome
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What is the subunit composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?
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70s = size. The two subunits are 50s and 30s. (not supposed to add them!)
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What are the types of inclusions that are used for energy reserves?
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Metachromatic granules, polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules
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What are metachromatic granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are polysaccharide granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are lipid inclusions used for?
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energy reserves
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What are sulfur granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are carboxysomes used for?
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carbon dioxide fication
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What are gas vacuoles composed of?
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protein-covered cylinders
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What is cytosol?
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The fluid portion of cytoplasm, similar to solution, liquid/gel-like.
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What is a nucleoid?
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a bacterial chromosome
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What is the subunit composition of prokaryotic ribosomes?
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70s = size. The two subunits are 50s and 30s. (not supposed to add them!)
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What are the types of inclusions that are used for energy reserves?
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Metachromatic granules, polysaccharide granules, lipid inclusions, sulfur granules
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What are metachromatic granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are polysaccharide granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are lipid inclusions used for?
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energy reserves
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What are sulfur granules used for?
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energy reserves
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What are carboxysomes used for?
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carbon dioxide fixation
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What are gas vacuoles composed of?
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protein-covered cylinders
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What are magnetosomes used for?
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iron oxide reserves
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What are endospores?
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resting cells that are resistant to dissection, heat, and cehmicals.
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How are endospores formed?
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by sporulation
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What is germination?
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an endospore's return to vegitative state
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What are examples of endospores?
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bacillus, clostridium
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Is cilia present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, or both?
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only present in eukaryotes
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What are flagella made from in prokaryotes?
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flagellin (type of protein)
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What are flagella made from in eukaryotes?
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microtubules (tubulin)
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How are flagella arranged in eukaryotes?
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9 pairs and 2 in the middle.
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Do prokaryotes have sterols in their membranes?
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No
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Do eukaryotes have sterols in their membranes?
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Yes
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What is the cell wall of plants, algae and fungi made out of?
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carbohydrates
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What are the cell walls of animals made out of?
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trick question, animals don't have cell walls! They have cellulose, chitin, glucan and mannan material but no cell walls!
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What is glycolax?
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a type of carbohydrate that extends from animal plasma layers
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What is phagocytosis?
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pseudopods extending and engulfing particles
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What is pinocytosis?
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membrane folds inwards and brings in fluid and dissolves substances
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Does the membrane extend during phagocytosis?
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Yes
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Does the membrane extend during pinocytosis?
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No; membrane folds inward during pinocytosis
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What is a cytoskeleton?
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made up of microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules. Functions to give cell support.
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What is cytoplasmic streaming?
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the movement of cytoplasm throughout cells
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How are eukaryotic ribosomes found in cells?
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free in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
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What is the subunit composition of eukaryotic ribosomes?
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80S
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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Contains chromosomes/genetic information
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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transport network for proteins
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What is the function of the golgi complex?
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membrane formation and secretion
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What is the function of lysosomes?
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They are digestive enzymes
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What are vacuoles?
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They bring food into cells and provide support
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What is the function of mitochondria?
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Cellular respiration
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What is the function of chloroplasts?
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photosynthesize
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What do peroxisomes do?
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oxidize fatty acids and destroy H2O2
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What do centrosomes do?
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They consist of protein fibers and centrioles, involved in support
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What is the difference between rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes
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