Chapter Exam Flashcards

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Conscription

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Is the compulsory enrollment of people to some sort of national service, most often military service.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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Created the territories of Kansas and Nebraska, opened new lands that would help the settlers settle in them, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, and allowed settlers in those territories to determine if they would allow slavery within their boundaries and to settle there. The initial purpose of the Kansas–Nebraska Act was to create opportunities for a Mideastern Transcontinental Railroad. It became problematic when popular sovereignty was written into the proposal. The act was designed by Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois.The act established that settlers could vote to decide whether to allow slavery, in the name of popular sovereignty or rule of the people. Douglas hoped that would ease relations between the North and the South, because the South could expand slavery to new territories but the North still had the right to abolish slavery in its states. Instead, opponents denounced the law as a concession to the slave power of the South. The new Republican Party, which was created in opposition to the act, aimed to stop the expansion of slavery and soon emerged as the dominant force throughout the North.

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Crittenden Plan

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He proposed the Crittenden Compromise—a package of six constitutional amendments and four congressional resolutions—in December 1860. Among the resolutions were a condemnation of Northern personal liberty laws and an assertion of the constitutionality of the fugitive slave law. The amendments would have restored the Missouri Compromise line and extended it to California as a line of demarcation between slave and free territories. Crittenden's other amendments would have further guaranteed that slavery would remain legal indefinitely in Washington, D. C. so long as it was legal in either Maryland or Virginia and that slaveholders would be reimbursed for runaway slaves. Also, the amendments denied Congress any power to interfere with the interstate slave trade or with slavery in the existing Southern states and made the fugitive slave law and three-fifths compromise perpetual in duration.

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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Obtianed New Mexico and California for 15 million dollars and established a boarder between Mexico and Texas, and promised that the U.S. government would assume the substantial claims of the American citizens against Mexico.

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Ft. Sumter

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Union attempts to resupply and reinforce the garrison were repulsed on January 9, 1861 when the first shots of the war, fired by cadets from The Citadel, The Military College of South Carolina, prevented the steamer Star of the West, hired to transport troops and supplies to Fort Sumter, from completing the task. After realizing that Anderson's command would run out of food by April 15, 1861, President Lincoln ordered a fleet of ships, under the command of Gustavus V. Fox, to attempt entry into Charleston Harbor and support Fort Sumter. The ships assigned were the steam sloop-of-war USS Pawnee, steam sloop-of-war USS Powhatan, transporting motorized launches and about 300 sailors (secretly removed from the Charleston fleet to join in the forced reinforcement of Fort Pickens, Pensacola, Fla.), armed screw steamer USS Pocahontas, Revenue Cutter USRC Harriet Lane, steamer Baltic transporting about 200 troops, composed of companies C and D of the 2nd U.S. Artillery, and three hired tug boats with added protection against small arms fire to be used to tow troop and supply barges directly to Fort Sumter.

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Know-Nothings

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Was a nativist American political movement of the 1840s and 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to Anglo-Saxon Protestant values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854 to 1856, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success. Membership was limited to Protestant males of British lineage over the age of twenty-one. There were few prominent leaders, and the largely middle-class and entirely Protestant membership fragmented over the issue of slavery.The movement originated in New York in 1843 as the American Republican Party. It spread to other states as the Native American Party and became a national party in 1845. In 1855 it renamed itself the American Party.The origin of the "Know Nothing" term was in the semi-secret organization of the party. When a member was asked about its activities, he was supposed to reply, "I know nothing."

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American Temperance Society

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Also known as the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance was a society established on February 13, 1826 in Boston, MA.Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S. with 170,000 members who had taken a pledge to abstain from drinking distilled beverages. Within ten years, there were over 8,000 local groups and more than 1,500,000 members who had taken the pledge.The society benefited from, and contributed to, a reform sentiment in much of the country promoting the abolition of slavery, expanding women's rights, temperance, and the improvement of society. Possibly because of its association with the abolitionist movement, the society was most successful in northern states.After a while, temperance groups increasingly pressed for the mandatory prohibition of alcohol rather than for voluntary abstinence. The American Temperance Society was the first U.S. social movement organization to mobilize massive and national support for a specific reform cause. Their objective was to become the national clearinghouse on the topic of temperance. Within three years of its organization, ATS had spread across the country.

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Confederate Ordnance Bureau

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Ordnance Sergeant was an enlisted rank in the U.S. and Confederate armies during the American Civil War era. The Ordnance Sergeant ranks just above a First Sergeant, yet below a Quartermaster Sergeant. The rank insignia consists of three inverted chevrons with a 5-pointed star above it.On May 20, 1862, the duties of the Confederate regimental ordnance sergeants were officially spelled out by the chief of ordnance:

"Duties of ordnance-sergeants.
"First. To obey the direction of the division ordnance officer of the brigade ordnance officer (if the brigade is a separate command) in all relative to care and preservation of arms and duties connected therewith.
"Second. To take charge of all supplies, arms, and ammunition of the regiment and make returns of the same according to "Ordnance regulations." Issues to be made on written requisitions approved by the colonel or commanding officer of the regiment; which requisitions are to be filed with his "Return of property.'
"Third. To take charge of the ordnance wagon or wagons attached to each regiments, and to see that it always contains at least fifteen rounds per man of the regiment—surplus arms or accouterments to be turned over to the brigade or division ordnance officer.
"Fourth. To supervise the condition of the arms of the regiment and get a detail of at least two mechanics to assist him in the necessary repairs to the arms, an account of these repairs to be kept as far as possible against each man of the regiment; repairs to be made on the order of the colonel of the regiment.
"Fifth. To take charge of the arms and accouterments of the sick of the regiments in hospitals, which will be kept until the sick are sent to the general hospital, when their arms be turned over to the brigade or division depots.
"Sixth. In battle it will be the duty of the ordnance-sergeants to remain with the ammunition wagons and act with the details assigned to them from the regiments, under the orders of the ordnance officer, in supplying the troops with ammunition, collecting arms of the killed and wounded, and securing captured arms and ammunition."

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John Brown

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Was a revolutionary abolitionist in the United States, who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to abolish slavery for good. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre during which five men were killed in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and made his name in the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859. He was tried and executed for treason against the state of Virginia, murder, and conspiracy later that year. Brown has been called "the most controversial of all 19th-century Americans."Brown's attempt in 1859 to start a liberation movement among enslaved African Americans in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia) electrified the nation. He was tried for treason against the state of Virginia, the murder of five pro-slavery Southerners, and inciting a slave insurrection and was subsequently hanged. Southerners alleged that his rebellion was the tip of the abolitionist iceberg and represented the wishes of the Republican Party. Historians agree that the Harpers Ferry raid in 1859 escalated tensions that, a year later, led to secession and the American Civil War.

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Winfield Scott

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Was ordered to lead an amphibious attack on Veracruz. Veracuz fell after eighteen days of the attack. When Scott then advanced on to Mexico city. The ost important battle was where Scott met General Santa Anna at Cerro Gordo. Scott won this battle and continued to Mexico City where he won that battle.

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James Buchanan

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Was the 15th President of the United States (1857–1861). He is the only president from Pennsylvania, the only president who remained a life-long bachelor, and the last one born in the 18th century.Buchanan was a popular and experienced state politician and a successful attorney before his presidency. He represented Pennsylvania in the U.S. House of Representatives and later the Senate, and served as Minister to Russia under President Andrew Jackson. He also was Secretary of State under President James K. Polk. After turning down an offer for an appointment to the Supreme Court, President Franklin Pierce appointed him Minister to the United Kingdom, in which capacity he helped draft the controversial Ostend Manifesto.

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PT Beauregard

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was a Louisiana-born American military officer, politician, inventor, writer, civil servant, and the first prominent general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Today he is commonly referred to as P. G. T. Beauregard, but he rarely used his first name as an adult and signed correspondence as G. T. Beauregard.

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Lowell factories

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He inventd the first factory systems. The factory included all parts of what was needed for the first time. Women and young childern were hired to work at these factories. Many more were being bult and people were having to work in worse and worse conditions for little pay. They began to strike. The Lowell Female Labor Reform Association was formed.

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Dred Scott vs. Sanford

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Dred Scott v. Sandford was a ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court that people of African descent imported into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants, whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and could never be U.S. citizens.

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John C Fremont

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Lead an exploring expedition west. In Califronia they were stiring up problems with the Mexicans. Lead his group in Californa to revolt against the Mexicans and formed the Bear Flag Republic.

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Robert Anderson

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the Union general who eventually surrendered to the Confederate army during the battle at Ft. Sumter.

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Abe Lincoln

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Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States, serving from March 1861 until his assassination. As president, he led the country through a great constitutional, military and moral crisis—the American Civil War—preserving the Union while ending slavery and promoting economic modernization.

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Winfield Scott

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the first general chosen by Lincoln to run the Union army. However, he soon retired (he was pretty old, he was old when he won victories in the Mexican American war) and was replaced by George McClellan.

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Horace Mann

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Was an American education reformer, and a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives from 1827 to 1833. He served in the Massachusetts Senate from 1834 to 1837. In 1848, after serving as Secretary of the Massachusetts State Board of Education since its creation, he was elected to the US House of Representatives. Mann was a brother-in-law to author Nathaniel Hawthorne.Arguing that universal public education was the best way to turn the nation's unruly children into disciplined, judicious republican citizens, Mann won widespread approval from modernizers, especially in his Whig Party, for building public schools. Most states adopted one version or another of the system he established in Massachusetts, especially the program for "normal schools" to train professional teachers. Mann has been credited by many educational historians as the "Father of the Common School Movement".

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Anaconda Plan

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this was the North's plan to win the Civil War. It consisted of "squeezing" the South into submission by blockading the southern coasts, seizing control of the Mississippi, and cutting off supplies of food and other essential commodities to the South. It mainly focused on keeping pressure on Virginia and advancing down the Mississippi Valley

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John Breckinridge

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John Cabell Breckinridge was an American lawyer and politician. He served as a U.S. Representative and U.S. Senator from Kentucky and was the 14th Vice President of the United States, to date the youngest vice president in U.S. history, inaugurated at age 36.

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Confederate States of America

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The southern states that seceded from the Union in order to protect the institution of slavery. It at first included South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, but other southern states later seceded.

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Samuel Morse

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Inventor of the electric telegraph. It made comminication possible over a long distance.

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Cotton Kingdom

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this term refers to the south and their title as the world's leading producers and exporters of cotton. This fact would later entice them to attempt to gain the help of Britain and France, since these countries were their largest customers.

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John C Fremont

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John Charles Frémont was an American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States.

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Gettysburg Address

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this was the speech given by Abraham Lincoln in Gettysburg, PA, shortly after the battle of Gettysburg had ended. It reflected the Declaration's concept of equality for all and focused on the concept that the war was not just being fought to preserve the Union, but to bring true equality to all citizens.

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John Randolph

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A planter and congressman from Virginia and served at the house of representatives.

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Robert E. Lee

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Robert Edward Lee was a career military officer who is best known for having commanded the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War

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Freeport Doctrine

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Was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois. Lincoln tried to force Douglas to choose between the principle of popular sovereignty proposed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the majority decision of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Dred Scott v. Sandford, which stated that slavery could not legally be excluded from U.S. territories (since Douglas professed great respect for Supreme Court decisions, and accused the Republicans of disrespecting the court, yet this aspect of the Dred Scott decision was contrary to Douglas' views and politically unpopular in Illinois). Instead of making a direct choice, Douglas' response stated that despite the court's ruling, slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery. Likewise, if the people of the territory supported slavery, legislation would provide for its continued existence.

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Ulysses S Grant

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Ulysses S. Grant was the 18th President of the United States as well as military commander during the Civil War and post-war Reconstruction periods. Under Grant's command, the Union Army defeated the Confederate military and ended the Confederate States of America.

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Frederick Merk

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Believed in the idea that racism and anticolonialism dominated the american opinion.

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King Cotton Diplomacy

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During the 1850s and the American Civil War, Cotton Diplomacy was the idea that Britain and France required cotton from the South; South Carolina exclaimed, "Cotton is King!". However, the Confederate States of America significantly overestimated the leverage that the cotton trade would give them.

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Impending Crisis of the South

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A book written by Hinton Rowan Helper, which he self-published in 1857. It was a strong attack on slavery as inefficient and a barrier to the economic advancement of whites. The book was widely distributed by Horace Greeley and other antislavery leaders, much to the vehement anger of the white Southern leaders.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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The Emancipation Proclamation is an executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War under his war powers. It proclaimed the freedom of 3.1 million of the nation's 4 million slaves, and immediately freed 50,000 of them, with the rest freed as Union armies advanced.

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Dorothea Dix

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was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.She was instrumental in the founding of the first public mental hospital in Pennsylvania, the Harrisburg State Hospital, and later in establishing its library and reading room in 1853.

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Lecompton Constitution

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The Lecompton Constitution was the second of four proposed constitutions for the state of Kansas. The document was written in response to the anti-slavery position of the 1855 Topeka Constitution of James H. Lane and other free-state advocates. The territorial legislature, consisting mostly of slave-owners, met at the designated capital of Lecompton in September 1857 to produce a rival document. Free-state supporters, who comprised a large majority of actual settlers, boycotted the vote. Buchanan's appointee as territorial governor of Kansas, Robert J. Walker, although a strong defender of slavery, opposed the blatant injustice of the Constitution and resigned rather than implement it.This new constitution enshrined slavery in the proposed state and protected the rights of slaveholders. In addition, the constitution provided for a referendum that allowed voters the choice of allowing more

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Appomattox Courthouse

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The Battle of Appomattox Court House, fought on the morning of April 9, 1865, was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, and one of the last battles of the American Civil War.

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54-40 or Fight

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Refered to the latitude of the northern boundary of the desired territory. A slogan coined by the Whigs.

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Trent Incident (and all those involved)

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The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. On November 8, 1861, the USS San Jacinto, commanded by Union Captain Charles Wilkes, intercepted the British mail packet Trent and removed, as contraband of war, two Confederate diplomats, James Mason and John Slidell. The envoys were bound for Great Britain and France to press the Confederacy’s case for diplomatic recognition by Europe.

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Compromise of 1850

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Admitted California as a free state, Utah and NM with popular sovereignty, Texas compensated for losing New Mexico property by getting debts paid, strong Fugitive Slave Law, and a halt to the slave auctions and depots in D.C.

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13th Amendment

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The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, passed by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865. On December 18, Secretary of State William H. Seward, in a proclamation, declared it to have been adopted. It was the first of the Reconstruction Amendments.

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Second Bank of the US

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Was chartered in 1816 five years after the first U.S. bank lost it's charter. After the war of 1812 the country experienced inflammation and had problems trying to fund the army. Founded by Jefferson and Gallitan when they found that the country couldn't support itself without it. The bank helped with selling of land and agriculture for lending money.

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Braxton Bragg

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one of the worst southern generals but because he had the favor of President Davis he was allowed to keep a major command even after he demonstrated incompetence

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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Published by Harriet Beecher Stowe that fixed in the northern mind the image of a slaveholder as a brutal Simon Legree. Portrayed slavery as threat to family and cult of domesticity

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Stonewall Jackson

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legendary confederate general who held the line against northern assault and responded with a southern counter attack and routed the invading force, known for valley campaign

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Zachary Taylor

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Was a general sent into the Mexican war by Polk. He had won many of the battles, but when polk found out that he had sent some of the captives free he got mad and sent in Scott. However Taylor still fought battles and won and was known as a military hero.

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Ostend Manifesto

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In October 1854, the American ministers to England, France, and Spain met in Ostend, Belgium, and drew up a memorandum for the administration urging acquisition of Cuba by any means necessary

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Monitor and Merriac Merriac

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was destroyed by Union Monitor which was the last major naval battle

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William Lloyd Garrison

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was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the abolitionist newspaper The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States. Garrison was also a prominent voice for the women's suffrage movement.Although some members of the society encouraged granting freedom to slaves, the majority saw the relocation as a means to reduce the number of free blacks in the United States and thus help preserve the institution of slavery. By late 1829–1830 "Garrison rejected colonization, publicly apologized for his error, and then, as was typical of him, he censured all who were committed to it."In 1832, Garrison founded the New-England Anti-Slavery Society. The next year, he co-founded the American Anti-Slavery Society. That same year, 1833, Garrison also visited the United Kingdom and assisted in the anti-slavery movement there. He intended that the Anti-Slavery Society should not align itself with any political party and that women should be allowed full participation in society activities. Garrison was influenced by the ideas of Susan Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Lucy Stone and other feminists who joined the society. These positions were seen as controversial by the majority of Society members and there was a major rift in the Society. In 1839, two brothers, Arthur Tappan and Lewis Tappan, left and formed a rival organization, the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society which did not admit women. A segment of the Society also withdrew and aligned itself with the newly founded Liberty Party, a political organization which named James G. Birney as its Presidential candidate. By the end of 1840, Garrison announced the formation of a third new organization, the Friends of Universal Reform, with sponsors and founding members including prominent reformers Maria Chapman, Abby Kelley Foster, Oliver Johnson, and Bronson Alcott (father of Louisa May Alcott).

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Preston Brooks

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a representative from South Carolina who attacked and beat Senator Charles Sumner during a Senate meeting. He attacked him for writing a speech that condemed the South for wanting to extend slavery to the Kansas territory. He badly hurt Sumner in this event.

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Gettysburg

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was fought July 1–3, 1863, in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War, it is often described as the war's turning point. Union Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North

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Cyrus McCormick

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patented the mechanical reaper in 1834 which offered an enormous saving in the labor required for harvesting grain. Produced more than 1000 reapers a year by 1851 in chicago.

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Jefferson Davis

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Chosen to be President of Confederate States by the confederate convention, less effective than Lincoln

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Squatter Sovereignty

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a representative from South Carolina who attacked and beat Senator Charles Sumner during a Senate meeting. He attacked him for writing a speech that condemed the South for wanting to extend slavery to the Kansas territory. He badly hurt Sumner in this event.

Squatter Sovereignty

this was a concept that became very popular in the 1850s because it allowed the settlers of the newly acquired territories to decide whether or not they wanted to have slavery in the new region.

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George McClellan

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was a major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points.

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Tariff of Abominations

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A tariff that angered the southerners. Congress was opperating on a give and take process where the people who were for tariffs for farmers were for the tariffs for businesses, and the people who were for tariffs for businesses were for the tariffs for farmers. This is a legislative process known as logrolling.

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Fugitive Slave Law

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This law was a part of the compromise of 1850. It was an outrageous piece of legislation in that it denied suspect fugitive slaves a trial by jury, and the right to testify on their own behalf. It basically denied them basic constitutional rights. This power was greatly abused by Southerners during this time.

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Walt Whitman

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a great american writer who captured exuberance and expansionism of Young America in his song "Song of the Open Road." Also wrote Leaves of Grass in 1855.

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Franklin Pierce

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Pierce was the Democratic candidate in the election of 1852. He ended up winning the election because he won a lot of Southern votes, and because people viewed the Democrats as the most promising supporters of the Compromise of 1850 during that time

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Charles Finney

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A prominant preacher of the Second Great Awakening. He departed from traditional Calvinsim beliefs and taught of unqualified free will. He appealed greatly to the emotions and said that Christians could be completely perfect and free of sin, like God. He is known for conducting several sucessful revival meetings in towns of western New York, such as Rochester.

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Herman Melville

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a great american writer who wrote Moby-Dick and symbolized a nation that was over-reaching itself by indulging in pride and exalted sense of destiny with too little concern for the moral and practical consequences

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General Anthony Wayne

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A united states general and statesman. Known as Mad Anthony.

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Daniel Webster

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secretary of state in 1842 when he concluded an agreement with the British government over the violent disputes of the maine territory.

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Second Great Awakening

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The Christian revival movement that occured in the 19th century. It gave way to many different preachers with several different messages, but the overall goals were the same--to gain converts, and to spread Christianity and save souls. If this was accomplished, then the world could be free of sin and won for Christ.

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Secularization Act

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passed by Mexico's Congress in 1833 emancipating the Indians from church control and opened the mission lands to settlement. The government awarded immense tracts of the mission land to Mexican citizens and left the Indians landless.

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“American System”

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A mercantilism economic plan rooted from Hamilton. Consisted of three mutually reinforcing parts; a tariff to protect American industries, a national bank to help commerce, a federal subsidies to found roads, canals, and any other improvements. Henry Clay was the leader and did the most with this system.

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Charles Goodyear

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discovered the process for the vulcanization of rubber made a new range of manufactured itmes available to the American consumer, most notably the overshoe in 1839.

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Peter Cartwright

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An evangelical Methodist preacher famous in the South during the Second Great Awakening.

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Election of 1828

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Jackson began to organize campaigner in every county, important cities and towns. Along with Calhoun who wanted militant states rights. Large parties were thrown by candidates supporters.

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1844 election

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In the United States presidential election of 1844, Democrat James Knox Polk defeated Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed.

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Timothy Dwight

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The president of Yale College in 1795 who was shocked to discover that the younger generation was accepting that God was the maker of a rational universe rather than a mysterious, all-powerful being. He began to preach to his students that they were dead in sin, but his strict Calvinist beliefs of predestination and original sin didn't hold water in the new society dominated by human freedom and progress.

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John Tyler

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A longtime Democratic-Republican, Tyler was nonetheless elected Vice President on the Whig ticket. Upon the death of President William Henry Harrison, on April 4, 1841, only a month after his inauguration he became president. He stood against his party's platform and vetoed several of their proposals. As a result, most of his cabinet resigned, and the Whigs expelled him from the party. Arguably the most famous and significant achievement of Tyler's administration, aside from setting the precedent for presidential succession, was the annexing the Republic of Texas in 1845.

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Aaron Burr

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United states senator, third vice president of the United States. He killed Alexander Hamilton.

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James K Polk

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James Knox Polk was the 11th President of the United States. A Democrat, Polk served as Speaker of the House and Governor of Tennessee. Polk was the surprise "dark horse" candidate for president in 1844, defeating Henry Clay of the rival Whig Party by promising to annex Texas. Polk was a leader of Jacksonian Democracy during the Second Party System.

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Lyman Beecher

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The first great practitioner of the new evangelical Calvinism. Helped to promote a series of revivals in the Congregational churches of New England. Was forced to confront radical forms of revivalism such as Finney.

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Free Development

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It basically meant extending the area of freedom.

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Tariff of 1828

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known as tariff of abominations and created across the board increase in duties which angered southern free traders.

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Brigham Young

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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the western United States. He was the President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) from 1847 until his death in 1877. He was also the founder of Salt Lake City and the first governor of Utah Territory, United States. Brigham Young University was named in his honor.

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"Cult of True Womanhood"

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The view that women had a special role to play in the domestic sphere as guardians of virtue and spiritual heads of home. AKA "Cult of Domesticity"

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Webster-Ashburton Treaty

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this treaty settled the dispute between the boundary of Maine and Canada. It gave over half of the disputed territory to the US and established a definite northeastern boundary with Canada that extended to the Great Lakes

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“Era of Good Feelings”

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Between 1816 and 1824 the time Monroe was president. He downplayed partisanship. This was when partisan bitterness abated. Benjamin Russel coined the term after Monroe made a visit to Boston.

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Oregon Trail

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an overland route that brought American migrants to the West Coast during the 1840s. It extended 2000 miles across the northern Great Plains and the Rockies.

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Lewis Tappan

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Was a frequent object of violence and threats along with his brother Arthur. Used theri wealth to finance antislavery activities. Led a minority then withdre to form a competing organization - the American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.

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Santa Fe Trail

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this trail extended from Missouri to Santa Fe. It was relatively dangerous because the travelers had to pass through hostile Indian lands, but the risk was worth it because the profits from trading goods for furs, miles and precious metals was great. Unfortunately, poor relations between Mexico and the US caused the Mexican government to restrict the US's access to the trail.

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Nicholas Biddle

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took over Bank presidency in 1823 and regained public confidence in the Bank. worried about Bank's recharter in 1836 and campaigned for the charter 4 years prior which turned fatal.

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Joseph Smith

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the founder of the Mormon religion. He claimed to have received a series of revelations that called upon him to establish Christ's pure church on earth.

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American Anti-Slavery Association

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(1833–1870) was an abolitionist society founded by William Lloyd Garrison and Arthur Tappan. Frederick Douglass was a key leader of the society and often spoke at its meetings. William Wells Brown was another freed slave who often spoke at meetings. By 1838, the society had 1,350 local chapters with around 250,000 members.The society's headquarters was in New York City. From 1840 to 1870 it published a weekly newspaper, the National Anti-Slavery Standard.

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Book of Mormon

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the book written by Joseph Smith that became the scripture of the Mormon religion. It described the history of a group of Jews who had left the Holy Land before Jesus came to Earth and then after His crucifixion, Christ appeared to the community and proclaimed the gospel.

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John Woolman

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A Quaker preacher. He was against slavery. He thought everyone should be equal after traveling to the southern colonies. He disliked slavery.

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Declaration of Sentiments

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is a document signed in 1848 by attendees at the first women's rights convention, in Seneca Falls, New York, now known as the Seneca Falls Convention. The principal author of the Declaration of Rights and Sentiments was Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who based it on the form of the United States Declaration of Independence. According to the North Star, published by Frederick Douglass, whose attendance at the convention and support of the Declaration helped pass the resolutions put forward, the document was the "grand basis for attaining the civil, social, political, and religious rights of women."

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Stephen F. Austin

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the son of a onetime Spanish citizen to whom Mexico granted a large amount of land in hopes that he would help attract settlers from the US. Within a year of receiving the land, the Austin grant population grew to 2,021 people.

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Alexis de Tocqueville

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visited the U.S. in 1831-32. believed the essence of American democracy was in self government and foreshadowed that the issue of slavery would bring civil war.

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Santa Anna

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He was a Mexican political leader, general, and president who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government. Santa Anna first fought against the independence from Spain, and then supported it. He was not the first caudillo (military leader) of Mexico, but he was among the most original. He rose to the ranks of general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years. Did not support the annexation of Texas and fought against the Texas Revolution until he lost.

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Liberator

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(1831-1865) was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Garrison published weekly issues of The Liberator from Boston continuously for 35 years, from January 1, 1831, to the final issue of January 1, 1866. Although its circulation was only about 3,000, and three-quarters of subscribers were African Americans in 1834, the newspaper earned nationwide notoriety for its uncompromising advocacy of "immediate and complete emancipation of all slaves" in the United States. Garrison set the tone for the paper in his famous open letter "To the Public" in the first issue.

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Tallmadge Amendment

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Was submitted by James Tallmadge Jr, of the United States House of Representatives. He was looking for a way to get rid of slavery in Missouri during the generation. They agreed on the Missouri compromise, which did not include this amendment but slavery was prohibited in the Louisiana purchase.

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Davy Crockett

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Went to Texas to help out in the Revoution. In early 1836, Crockett took part in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo in March.

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Frederick Douglas

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Frederick Douglass was an American social reformer, orator, writer and statesman. After escaping from slavery, he became a leader of the abolitionist movement, gaining note for his dazzling oratory and incisive antislavery writing. He stood as a living counter-example to slaveholders' arguments that slaves did not have the intellectual capacity to function as independent American citizens. Many Northerners also found it hard to believe that such a great orator had been a slave.

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Sam Houston

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Houston became a key figure in the history of Texas and was elected as the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, US Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as governor of the state. He refused to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union, and resigned as governor. To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of a Union army to put down the Confederate rebellion. Instead, he retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War.

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Voting Rights

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by the 1820s the states had accepted universal white male suffrage. participation in elections increased dramatically.

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Lone Star Republic

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This was the nickname for Texas. Texas got his nickname in April 21, 1836 the last battle. The nickname refers to the one star they had on their flag.

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Neo-Calvinism

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Neo-Calvinism, a form of Dutch Calvinism, is the movement initiated by the theologian and former Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper.

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Secularization Act

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Passed by Mexican Congress. Emancipated the Indians from church control and opened the mission lands to settlement.

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John Quincy Adams

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Sixth president of the United States. He was the son of John Adams. Served in the Senate and House of Representatives.

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Empresarios

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They were Anglo-American. Received land grants in the 1820s and 1830s

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Seneca Falls Convention

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The Seneca Falls Convention was an early and influential women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, July 19–20, 1848. It was organized by local New York women upon the occasion of a visit by Boston-based Lucretia Mott, a Quaker famous for her speaking ability, a skill rarely cultivated by American women at the time. The meeting spanned two days and six sessions, and included a lecture on law, a humorous presentation, and multiple discussions about the role of women in society. Stanton and the Quaker women presented two prepared documents, the Declaration of Sentiments and an accompanying list of resolutions, to be debated and modified before being put forward for signatures.

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"Self-Made Man"

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the decline of deference meant that self-made men of lowly origins could now rise more readily to positions of power and influence and that exclusiveness and aristocratic pretensions were likely to provoke popular hostility or scorn.

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Brook Farm

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Brook Farm, also called the Brook Farm Institute of Agriculture and Education or the Brook Farm Association for Industry and Education, was a utopian experiment in communal living in the United States in the 1840s. It was founded by former Unitarian minister George Ripley and his wife Sophia Ripley at the Ellis Farm in West Roxbury, Massachusetts in 1841 and was inspired in part by the ideals of Transcendentalism, a religious and cultural philosophy based in New England. Founded as a joint stock company, it promised its participants a portion of the profits from the farm in exchange for performing an equal share of the work. Brook Farmers believed that by sharing the workload, ample time would be available for leisure activities and intellectual pursuits.

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McCulloch v. Maryland

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Maryland had attempted to impede a branch of the Second Bank by imposing a tax on all notes from banks not charted in Maryland. The court thought that they targeting the National Bank. This fundamental case established the following two principles:

1. The Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government.
2. State action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.

The opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall.

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Peggy Eaton

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daughter of a washington tavern owner who married secretary of war John Eaton. cabinet members heavily gossiped about her moral character. Jackson defended her which caused him to replace cabinet appointees.

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King George III

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King from 1760-1801. Supposedly took bribes. Had Brute working with him which made the Whigs mad. He liked his army.

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Worcester v Georgia

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Worcester v. Georgia was a case in which the United States Supreme Court vacated the conviction of Samuel Worcester, holding that the Georgia criminal statute, prohibiting non-Indians from being present on Indian lands without a license from the state, was unconstitutional.

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John Calhoun

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Held every major position except president, wanted the south to succeed.

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Force Bill

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The Force Bill was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's refusal to collect tariffs during the Nullification Crisis. Opponents of the bill referred to it as Jackson's Bloody Bill or War Bill. The bill was a work of political mastery on Jackson's part as it gave the President the authority to close ports or harbors at his will. This in turn would require opponents to the tariff to travel a distance to carry out any threats or insurrection against federal facilities. Hostile acts against government facilities or personnel would then be considered pre-meditated and blatant.

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Peaceable Coercion

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This was Jefferson's policy. The were going to stop trade with European nations.

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“Specie Circular”

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The Specie Circular (Coinage Act) was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold and silver.

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John Quincy Adams

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was the sixth President of the United States (1825–1829). He was also an American diplomat and served in both the Senate and House of Representatives. He was a member of the Federalist, Democratic-Republican, National Republican, and later Anti-Masonic and Whig parties. Adams was the son of President John Adams and Abigail Adams.As a diplomat, Adams was involved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate the Monroe Doctrine as Secretary of State. Historians agree he was one of the great diplomats in American history.[2]

As president, he proposed a program of modernization and educational advancement, but was stymied by Congress, controlled by his enemies. Adams lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. In doing so, he became the first President since his father to serve a single term. As president, he presented a vision of national greatness resting on economic growth and a strong federal government, but his presidency was not a success as he lacked political adroitness, popularity or a network of supporters, and ran afoul of politicians eager to undercut him.

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John Calhoun

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John Caldwell Calhoun was a leading politician and political theorist from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. A powerful intellect, Calhoun eloquently spoke out on every issue of his day, but often changed positions. Calhoun began his political career as a nationalist and proponent of protective tariffs; later, he switched to states' rights, limited government, nullification and free trade. He is best known for his intense and original defense of slavery as a positive good, for his promotion of minority rights, and for pointing the South toward secession from the Union.

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Washington’s Farewell Address

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Was originally written to follow his retirement after his first term, them the letter was set aside and Washington ran for a second term. because Jefferson and Hamilton convinced him that the country would fall apart without him. After his second term he revised the letter with the help of Hamilton. He talked about how the American politics were changing in the letter and his support of the government after his eight years of being in it. He also mentioned the constitution and the people.

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Roger Taney

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Roger Brooke Taney was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States. He was also the eleventh United States Attorney General. He is most remembered for delivering the majority opinion in Dred Scott v. Sandford that ruled, among other things, that African Americans, having been considered inferior at the time the Constitution was drafted, were not part of the original community of citizens and could not be considered citizens of the United States.

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James Monroe

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was the fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). Monroe was the last president who was a Founding Father of the United States, and the last president from the Virginia dynasty and the Republican Generation.[1] His presidency was marked both by an "Era of Good Feelings" – a period of relatively little partisan strife – and later by the Panic of 1819 and a fierce national debate over the admission of the Missouri Territory. Monroe is most noted for his proclamation of the Monroe Doctrine in 1823, which stated that the United States would not tolerate further European intervention in the Americas.During the War of 1812, Monroe held the critical roles of Secretary of State and the Secretary of War under President James Madison. Facing little opposition from the fractured Federalist Party, Monroe was easily elected president in 1816, winning over 80 percent of the electoral vote. As president, he sought to ease partisan tensions and embarked on a tour of the country. He was well received everywhere, as nationalism surged, partisan fury subsided and the "Era of Good Feelings" ensued. The Panic of 1819 struck and dispute over the admission of Missouri embroiled the country in 1820. Nonetheless, Monroe won near-unanimous reelection. In 1823, he announced the Monroe Doctrine, which became a landmark in American foreign policy.

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Whigs – party growth and platform

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The Whig Party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s, the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny. The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the Whig Party also nominated war heroes generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was the chief Whig leader in frontier Illinois.

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Federalists Number 10

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Was an essay written by James Madison. He supported the ratification of the Constitution. It addressed the problem of having group of citizens go against the community.

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Blackhawk

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Military equipment/people.

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"Trail of Tears"

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the trail walked by 16,000 Cherokee Indians when they were removed from their home land in Georgia and forced to move to territory in Oklahoma under Jackson's presidency. 4,000 Cherokee died on the way.

Front 125

Daniel Boone

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Famous for his exploration, and the common wealth of Kentucky.

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Nullification Crisis

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this occurred mainly in the Southern states, particularly in South Carolina. It was the idea that the states could set aside a federal law and refuse to follow it. The issue really stemmed from slavery, and Southern states fearing that the federal government would take it away. But, the states used the protective tariff as a cover up. The crisis eventually ended when Congress reduced the tariff and Jackson threatened military force.

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Henry Clay

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was a 19th-century American planter, statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the Senate and the House of Representatives, where he served as Speaker. He also served as Secretary of State from 1825 to 1829.

He was a dominant figure in both the First and Second Party systems. As a leading war hawk, he favored war with Britain and played a significant role in leading the nation to war in 1812.[1] He was the foremost proponent of the American System, fighting for an increase in tariffs to foster industry in the United States, the use of federal funding to build and maintain infrastructure, and a strong national bank. He opposed the annexation of Texas, fearing it would inject the slavery issue into politics. Clay also opposed the Mexican-American War and the "Manifest Destiny" policy of Democrats, which cost him votes in the close 1844 election.

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The Bank War

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the differing views on the national bank during the Jacksonian era caused the Bank War. Jackson didn't like the bank, but there were some who did. When Biddle heard that Jefferson might take the Bank away, he proposed for a recharter 4 years early. This created even more division and eventually Jackson took it into his own hands to kill the national bank. The opposition over the national bank formed the Whigs.

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Thomas Jefferson

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Third president of the united states. Wrote the declaration of independence. Founding father and republican. Governor of Virginia and secretary of state. He didn't want a national bank or jays treaty. Negotiated the Louisianan purchase.

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Jacksonianism

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the wave of democracy that surrounded the country in the 1820-1830s. It was the belief that the people were truly sovereign and that everyone, well all white men anyway, were equal and had the same opportunities. Andrew Jackson came to represent this concept, so the term became known as Jacksonianism.

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“Putting Out” System

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The putting-out system was a means of subcontracting work. It was also known as the workshop system. In putting-out, work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities, usually their own homes. It was used in the English textile industry, in small farms, and lock making trades as late as the 19th century.

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"Spoils System"

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the process of a president removing federal officeholders and replacing them with supporters of himself or his party. Although many president's had done this in the past, Jackson was the first one to defend it as an application of democracy.

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Mississippi Culture

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A loose collection of communtities dispersed along the mississippi river from Louisiana to Illinois that shared simlar technologies and beliefs (mound)

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Indian Removal

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During Jackson's presidency, Indian Removal was a big deal. People wanted Indians removed from the lands of Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia and transported to land east of the Mississippi River. These actions were eventually carried out.

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Robert Fulton

Back 135

an inventor who successfully propelled the Clermont 150 miles up the Hudson River

Front 136

Panic of 1837

Back 136

The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States built on a speculative fever.The end of the Second Bank of the United States had produced a period of runaway inflation, but on May 10, 1837 in New York City, every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage), forcing a dramatic, deflationary backlash. This was based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and then-record-high unemployment levels.

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Albert Gallatin

Back 137

Longest serving secretary of treasury.

Front 138

Whig Party

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the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party

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XYZ Affair

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Was when the French and the Americans were having diplomatic problems. France attacked American ships when war had not been declared this was known as the Quasi-war.

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National Road

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the first great federal transportation project from Cumberland, Maryland, on the Potomac and Wheeling

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Tecumseh

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a Native American that encouraged the few remaining Indians to revitalize native cultures and avoid contact with whites. He also encouraged some Indians to to resist alcohol and to hold on to their land. Whites saw him as a threat to progress and the Indian's dreams of cultural revitalization were shattered during the war of 1812.

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Panic of 1819

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a financial panic which brought ruin to people who had purchased tracts on credit and so the minimum payment per acre was lowered to $1.25 in cash

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Shays Rebellion

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This Rebellion started in August of 1786 and by January of 1787 over one thousand people had been arrested. A militia had was started that defeated the federal Springfield Armory. Four rebels were killed. There was a lack of institutional uprising which helped reevaluate the Articles of Confederation and helped the Philadelphia Convention.

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Specie

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Precious metal used to back money, usually gold and silver

Front 145

Jeffersonian Republicanism

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the belief that all whites, whether male or female, were equal to each other. In other words, no one had a higher social status than anyone else. It was also a belief in an interpretation of the Constitution that allowed for the Louisiana Purchase. Overall, it was the type of republicanism present under Jefferson's terms of presidency.

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John Jacob Astor

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a New York merchant who founded the fur trading post of Astoria

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Naturalization Law

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Provided the first rules for the united state in granting united states citizenship. It left out indentured servants, slaves, free blacks, and Asians.

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"Implied Powers"

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Implied powers, in the United States, are those powers authorized by a legal document (from the Constitution) which, while not stated, are seemed to be implied by powers expressly stated.

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Fletcher vs. Peck

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The decision of the Supreme Court to give the land of the Yazoo Affair to the innocent buyers who technically owned it. The case ultimately upheld the Supreme Courts authority to determine the constitutionality of state laws

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Monroe Doctrine

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A policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention. It was introduced by President James Monroe. Ita policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

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Patrick Henry

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Was an orator and politician who helped lead to the Virginia's Independence. Did not like the stamp act, he is famous for "Give me liberty or give me death".

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European Grand Alliance

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Group of major European powers including Austria, Russia and Prussia. France later joined after Napolean was beat in 1814. It's purpose was to protect legitimate authoritarion governments from democratic challanges.

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Judicial Review

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The power of the Supreme Court to determine whether or not the acts of Congress are Constitutional or not.

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Missouri Compromise

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a policy of the United States introduced on December 2, 1823. It stated that further efforts by European countries to colonize land or interfere with states in the Americas would be viewed as acts of aggression requiring U.S. intervention.

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Election of 1796

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Was the first competitive presidential election that elected president and vice president of different parties. Republicans for Jefferson and Federalists for Adams. Adams won presidency and Jefferson was vice president.

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Barbary States (Barbary War)

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The states in North Africa wanted money from all ships who wanted to sail in the Mediterranean. Jefferson didn't like this so he sent fleets there. Although they were defeated, a treaty was negotiated and the prestige of the US went up.

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Dartmouth College v. Woodward

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Took place in 1819, was a landmark United States Supreme Court case dealing with the application of the Contract Clause of the United States Constitution to private corporations. The case arose when the president of Dartmouth College was deposed by its trustees, leading to the New Hampshire legislature attempting to force the college to become a public institution and thereby place the ability to appoint trustees in the hands of the governor. The Supreme Court upheld the sanctity of the original charter of the college, which pre-dated the creation of the State. The decision settled the nature of public versus private charters and resulted in the rise of the American business corporation.

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Virginia Plan

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This was the large state idea. This was proposed by Virginia delegates. Was drafted by James Madison while he waited for the Constitutional convention. Know for setting a role in the overall debate at the convention and for setting the population weighted representation. Had two houses and houses with a larger population would have more say then the smaller states. Small states feared they wouldn't have a say because of their smaller populations.

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Adams-Onis Treaty

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the treaty that gave Spanish Florida to America. It was basically a result of American bullying of Spain. The treaty also created a new boundary that went north of Texas but ran all the way to the Pacific.

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Louisiana Purchase

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The purchasing of a vast amount of land from France in 1803 for only $15 million dollars. The land doubled the size of the US, but government officials soon found that it would be difficult to govern the French and Spanish citizens currently living in the area.

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National Road

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The first great federal transportation project that consisted of building a road stretching from Cumberland, Maryland, to Wheeling, Virginia. Although the new road was impressive, it better served travelers than transporters of bulky freight.

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Election of 1800

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Also known as the peaceful revolution. Jefferson won this election over Adams. This election revealed a flaw in the constitution. Jeffersonians and Hamilton helped Jefferson win the presidential election.

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Erie Canal

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A famous canal that connected the Atlantic with one of the Great Lakes. It was located between Albany and Buffalo, New York. Once built, it lowered the cost of goods in the West and reduced the cost of shipping goods in general. It inspired the canal boom of the 1830-1840s.

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

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Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were sent by Jefferson to explore the Lousiana territory and to find out if the Missouri River went all the way to the Pacific Ocean.

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Cotton Gin

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a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that cut the labor costs involoved in cleaning short-staple cotton, making cotton an easily marketable good. It caused the South to become the world's largest cotton manufacturer.

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John Calvin

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A laywer turned theologian, lived his adult life in Geneva, a swiss city. He stressed God's omnipotence over human affairs. The lod chose someone for "elcetion" the gift of salvation, while others got eternal damnation. A man nor woman could change this decision. People who followed were called calvenists

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Marbury vs Madison

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A court case in which one of Adams midnight judges , William Marbury, redressed the Supreme Court to tell James Madison, the Secretary of State at the time, to give him his commission. Chief of Justice John Marshall accepted the case, but the result was simply the berating of Madison for not giving Marbury the papers he needed. Marshall also determined that the Supreme Court didn't have the authority to control matters like commission. The case is significant because it was the first time the Supreme Court exercised it's right to determine the constitutionality of Congress' actions.

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"Preemption Rights"

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These were the rights that squattors claimed. They would protect the squattors from having the land that they had already settled and farmed be bought out from under them in government land auctions when land surveying was taking place in the 1820s. These preemption rights also allowed squattors to purchase the land they were already living on for minimum price.

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Judiciary Act of 1789

Back 169

created a Supreme Court staffed by a chief justice and 5 associate justices. It also created 13 district courts to review the decisions of the state courts. Mainly the work of Connecticut Congressman, Oliver Ellsworth

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claims associations

Back 170

groups of people who bought and distributed land in the western United States. These groups were around during the time of land auctions and early settlement in the west

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Election of 1800

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In the United States Presidential election of 1800, sometimes referred to as the "Revolution of 1800," Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated incumbent president John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party in the First Party System.

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Committee of Detail

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A committee established by the Philadelphia convention. Was set up to make a draft of all of the agreements that the convention had done including the Virginia plan. Constituted the first draft of the Constitution.

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Louisiana Government Bill

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It imposed taxes on the citizens without their consent. Did not agree with President Jefferson's usual republican principles. He created this so the people within the territory would stay loyal to the United States. Passed in 1804.

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Berlin and Milan Decrees

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The Milan Decree was issued on December 17, 1807 by Napoleon I of France to enforce the Berlin Decree of 1806 which had initiated the Continental System. This system was the basis for his plan to defeat the British by waging economic warfare. The Milan Decree stated that no European country was to trade with the United Kingdom. The Berlin Decree was issued by Napoleon on November 21, 1806, following the French success against Prussia at the Battle of Jena. The decree forbade the import of British goods into European countries allied with or dependent upon France, and installed the Continental System in Europe. It eventually led to economic ruin for France, while little happened to the economy of Britain, which had control of the Atlantic Ocean trade.

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Oliver Hazard Perry

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American naval commander in the War of 1812. Best known for his defeat of the British in the Battle of Lake Erie, where he destroyed a British fleet at Put-in-Bay.

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Report on Public Credit

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a report created by Hamilton that covered the areas of funding and assumption. It promised that the US would fund it's foreign domestic obligations at full face value and said that the federal government would assume responsibility for paying remaining state debts.

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William Henry Harrison

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Governor of the Indiana Territory, marched an army to a Shawnee village in Tippecanoe. His troops routed the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe. He immediately became a national hero.

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2nd Continental Congress

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They managed the colonial warfare, and moved closer and closer towards independence, Declaration of Independence in 1776. After Treaties and armies the United States became independent.

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Francis Scott Key

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Wrote "The Star-Spangled Banner." He was inspired to do this from the survival of Fort McHenry in the War of 1812.

Front 180

Orders in Council

Back 180

The Orders in Council were a series of legislative decrees made by the United Kingdom in the course of the wars with Napoleonic France which instituted its policy of commercial warfare. Formally, an "order-in-council" is simply the type of legislation (in contrast to an Act of Parliament) by which the British government decreed these policies. However, especially in American history, the term "Orders in Council" is also used collectively to refer to the group of such decrees in the late-18th and early-19th centuries which restricted neutral trade and enforced a naval blockade of Napoleonic France and its allies.

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Chesapeake Incident

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The Chesapeake, a U.S. frigate, was boarded by a British ship, the Leopard. The Chesapeake was not fully armed. The British seized alleged deserters. The British seized American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships. (Impressment was one of the major factors leading to the War of 1812)

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Report on Manufacturers

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The third major report created by Hamilton. It suggested ways in which the federal government might stimulate manufacturing. He wanted to free America from European imports by developing it's own industry.

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War Hawks

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A political group made up of mostly Southerners and Westerners, led by Henry Clay. They wanted war against Britain.

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Non-Intercourse Act

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The Nonintercourse Act (also known as the Indian Intercourse Act or the Indian Nonintercourse Act) is the collective name given to six statutes passed by the United States Congress in 1790, 1793, 1796, 1799, 1802, and 1834. The Act regulates commerce between Native Americans and non-Indians. The most notable provisions of the Act regulate the inalienability of aboriginal title in the United States, a continuing source of litigation for almost 200 years. The prohibition on purchases of Indian lands without the approval of the federal government has its origins in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 and the Confederation Congress Proclamation of 1783.

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Hartford Convention

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An event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812, in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.

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Nationalists v.s. Localists

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Loyalists were seen as the people who like Britain and still supported them. Nationalists were Americans supporting Americans.

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Treaty of Ghent

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The Treaty of Ghent signed on 24 December 1814, in Ghent, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Jay's Treaty

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John Jay was sent to England in May 1794 to get compensation for ships taken by England in the West Indies, improve commercial relations, and define American neutrality in the emerging war between England and France. But, England did not agree and said they would continue to search American ships, and wouldn't compensate the US for the seized ships until we paid them debts from before the Revolution

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John Marshall

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John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the United States (1801-1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law while promoting nationalism and making the Supreme Court of the United States a center of power with the capability of overruling Congress. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801.

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Matin Luther

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Taught women and men were saved by faith and God was taught through a Bible not a Pope or Priest, pilgrimages,fasts, alms, indulgences -could not assure salvation. He challenged Catholicism. A protestant theologian.

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Timothy Pickering

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Timothy Pickering was a politician from Massachusetts who served in a variety of roles, most notably as the third United States Secretary of State, serving in that office from 1795 to 1800 under Presidents George Washington and John Adams.

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John Jay

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the Chief Justice under President Washington. Sent to England in May of 1794 to negotiate with England. He was unsuccessful and the outcome resulted in many Americans being upset with him

Front 193

Macon's Bill Number Two

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passed by Congress in May 1810, sponsored by Nathaniel Macon reestablished trade with England and France

Front 194

Federalists v.s. Anti-federalists

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Federalists thought that the desperation of power into three branches protected the rights of the people. And the three branches were all equal so that no one branch could consume to much power. Thought they shouldn't list the right so that government couldn't violate them. The anti-federalists thought that this gave to much power to the national government in expense of the state government. There was no bill off rights and they could maintain an army even in peacetime. And Congress and the executive branch had to much power.

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Implied Powers

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an interpretation of the Constitution created by Hamilton that relied heavily on Article 1, section 8 of the Constitution. It gave certain powers to government that weren't directly stated in the Constitution, like taxation, regulation of commerce, and making war.

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1st Continental Congress

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Twelve of the thirteen colonies met. This meeting was called because of the coercive act. They discussed the boycotts and made a list of rights and sent them to the king.

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Andrew Jackson

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led the Americans to a victory at the battle of Horseshoe Bend and Battle of New Orleans

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Judicial Review

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the power the judicial branch has to check other parts of government. For example, district courts were created under the Judiciary Act of 1789 to review the decisions of the state courts.

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Embargo Act

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passed on Dec. 22, 1807, a total embargo of American commerce which was aimed at forcing France and Britain to negotiate with America

Front 200

Jay- Gardoqi Treaty

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Also known as Liberty Treaty with Spain. With Spain and the United States, which allowed Spain to go navigate the land by the Mississippi. Also opened Spain's European and west indies trade ports to the Americas. Not ratified under the Articles of confederation.

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The Quids

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refers to various factions of the American Democratic-Republican Party during the period 1804–1812

Front 202

Strict Construction

Back 202

interpreting the Constitution word for word and not making any variations from it.

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John Calhoun

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a brilliant South Carolinian who was a War Hawk. A fiery orator who spoke of honor and pride.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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1494 divided the entire world along a line located 270 leagues west of the Azores. Any new lands discovered west of the line belonged to Spain. At the time, no eurepoean had ever seen Brazil, which was on Portugals side. The treaty failed to discourage furture English, Dutch and French adventures.

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War Hawks

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aggressive nationalist who called for resistance to Great Britain and any course that promised to achieve respect for U.S. and the security of republican institutions.

Front 206

Federalist Party

Back 206

The Federalist party was an American political party in the period 1787 to 1816, the era of the First Party System, with remnants lasting into the 1820s. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801. The party was formed by Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters, largely urban bankers and businessmen, to support his fiscal policies. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government.

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Federalist #84

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Hamilton reminds American people that “the constitution is itself... a bill of rights.” It was a proposal for the constitution.

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Pinckney Treaty

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Pinckney's Treaty, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. The treaty's full title is Treaty of Friendship, Limits, and Navigation Between Spain and the United States. Thomas Pinckney negotiated the treaty for the United States and Don Manuel de Godoy represented Spain. Among other things, it ended the first phase of the West Florida Controversy, a dispute between the two nations over the boundaries of the Spanish colony of West Florida.

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Encomeda

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People rewarded for their labor with legal protection and religous guidence.

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Whiskey Rebellion

Back 210

resistance movement in what was the western part of the United States in the 1790s, during the presidency of George Washington. The conflict was rooted in western dissatisfaction with various policies of the eastern-based national government. The name of the uprising comes from a 1791 excise tax on whiskey that was a central grievance of the westerners. The tax was a part of treasury secretary Alexander Hamilton's program to centralize and fund the national debt.

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Montesquieu The Spirit of Laws

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It was a book written by Baron de Montesquieu who was a French political philosopher of immense international reputation. He declared a republican government couldn't flourish in a large territory. Many people treated his theories as truths. His writings demonstrated the importance of preserving the sovereignty of the states.

Front 212

Alexander Hamilton

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the first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher.

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Prohibitory Act

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This was set in place against the colonists rebellion. Declared and naval blockade in the colonies. The goal was to eliminate trade and make the colonies dependent on England. The colonists were going to fight back.

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Henry Knox

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a military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, and also served as the first United States Secretary of War.

Front 215

3/5 Compromise

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Stated that for the purpose of determining representation in the lower house, slaves would be counted, but not as much as free persons. For every 5 slaves, a congressional district received credit for three free voters, which gave the South much greater power.

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Edmund Randolph

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an American attorney, the seventh Governor of Virginia, the second Secretary of State, and the first United States Attorney General.

Front 217

Mestizos and Mulaltos

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When men married indians and blacks, unions produced the mestizos (indian) and mulaltos (black)

Front 218

James Madison

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an American politician and political philosopher who served as the fourth President of the United States (1809–1817) and is considered one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.

Front 219

William Paterson

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He was a New Jersey lawyer who spoke against the Virginia Plan and advanced the New Jersey Plan, which was a scheme. He argued the revisions were more modest and would have greater appeal to the American people. The plan was rejected.

Front 220

Charles Pinckney

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an American politician who was a signer of the United States Constitution, the 37th Governor of South Carolina, a Senator and a member of the House of Representatives.

Front 221

Declaratory Act

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Was a act repealing the stamp act. They were repealing the stamp act because the boycotting was hurting the British trade. This stated that England's power was the same in both the colonies and England.

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Quasi-War

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A time in 1797 when French privateers began seizing American ships, but neither the U.S. or France declared war.

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Iberian Peninsula

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United under christian rulers after the reconquista.

Front 224

Convention of Mortefontaine

Back 224

Created an air of cooperation that paved the way for the Louisiana Purchase. Treaties of 77-78 were declared null and void.

Front 225

Benjamin Banneker

Back 225

He was Maryland's African American astronomer and mathematician, who made it increasingly difficult for white Americans to maintain credibly that African Americans could not hold their own in a free society. He published an almanac in Philadelphia

Front 226

Treaty of Greenville

Back 226

Signed between U.S. and Indians. Ceded the land that became Ohio to the U.S. government.

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Coercive Act

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Also known as the Intolerable acts. They were put in place because of four acts. They were put in place following the Boston tea party. They were hoping that these acts would stop the rebelling and stop the resistance of British. They thought parliament was taking over to much. A little while later the revolutionary war started.

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Treaty of San Lorenzo

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Aka Pickney's Treaty. Between U.S. and Spain to keep good relations. Led to opening of Mississippi, right to deposit goods in New Orleans without duties, 31st parallel and promise to stay out of Indian Affairs.

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Phillis Wheatley

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He had international fame and was Boston's celebrated African muse who made it increasingly difficult for white Americans to maintain credibly that African Americans could not hold their own in a free society. He wrote poems and he was claimed to be very good.

Front 230

Alien and Sedition Acts

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A group of bills passed in 1798 by Congress. Authorized the use of federal courts and powers of the presidency to silence the republicans.

Front 231

Matrilineal

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Women who owned plantations fields, houses, mainted tribal customs, and had a roll in tribal government.

Front 232

Virginia Resolutions

Back 232

By James Madison and urged states to defend the rights of American people.

Front 233

Society for the Relief of Free Negroes

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It was a group organized by Franklin. It was an anti-slavery organization to promote an anti-slavery society.

Front 234

Kentucky Resolutions

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By Thomas Jefferson and stated that every state has a natural right in cases not within the compact to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits.

Front 235

Gaspee Incident

Back 235

Gaspee was a British law enforcer of the unpopular trade regulations. They were chasing a pocket boat Hannah and the ship was caught on fire when it got stuck in the water.

Front 236

Henry Knox

Back 236

He was a general who was about to return home from the army, when his wife Lucy Knox told him that he better not consider himself a commander in his own house, but equal command. If he accepted Lucy's argument, he did so because she was a good republican wife and mother.

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Archipelago

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West indies and canary islands in the eastern atlantic

Front 238

Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania

Back 238

Written by John Dickinson. Envisioned the creation of a strong central government. It also called for equal state representation in Congress and the western territories to be taken under congressional control.

Front 239

Tea Act

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Parliament was attempting to save the East India Trading company by removing the duties paid and allowing them to sell their tea at a lower price. Colonists were angry that it validated by imposing on the Townshend act.

Front 240

New Jersey Plan

Back 240

Proposed by William Patterson and created a unicameral legistlature where states were given one vote. Congress was also granted the power to tax and regulate trade.

Front 241

Ethnocentric

Back 241

Europeans thought that they were superior, and tried to civilize Indians

Front 242

Anti-Federalists

Back 242

Critics of the constitution, often seen as less educated farmers and tradesmen. Demanded direct contact with representatives and believed a single national government could not effectively govern a nation of this size while protecting their rights.

Front 243

Committee's of Correspondence

Back 243

Were shadow governments lead by the colonies patriots on the eve of the American Revolution. Part of setting up the First Continental congress.

Front 244

Bill of Rights

Back 244

Ten amendments ratified and added to the Constitution. Protected the basic freedoms of the people such as press, speech, religion, trial by jury and no unlawful searches.

Front 245

Conquistadores

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Men eager for personal glory and material gain, uncompromising in matters of religion, and unserving in there loyalty to their crown.

Front 246

Robert Morris

Back 246

An influencial figure in the Confederation. A freewheeling Philadelphia merchant who was appointed the first superintendent of finance.

Front 247

Reconquista

Back 247

The holy war against the independent states in southern spain and the armes of castle and Aragon.

Front 248

Ferdinand and Isabella

Back 248

the union in spain that sparked a drive for political conolidation that took on the characteristsics of a religous crusade, due to the monarch's feveris catholicism,

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Cahokia

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a huge fortification and cerimonial site in Illimois that origenally rose high above the Mississippean people. Supported population of 20,000 people. No one knows what events broguht down the civilization.

Front 250

Beringia

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A religion containing a land bridge conection Asia and north america, now submerged beneth the Bering Sea.

Front 251

Paleo Indians

Back 251

Spear throwing nomatic hunters that were the first people to set foot on the North American continent.

Front 252

Hopewell and Adena

Back 252

Built large cerimonial mounds where they burried the families of local cities in Ohio.

Front 253

John Jay

Back 253

A New Yorker appointed by Congress to obtain rights to navigation of the Mississippi.

Front 254

Phillip II

Back 254

King of Spain in the 1550's

Front 255

James Madison

Back 255

A nationalist who wrote the Federalist. Encouraged competing factions within the nation in order to provoke virtue and benefit the common good.

Front 256

Henry VII

Back 256

First Tudor monarch, king of england in 1509-1547 started protestant reformation

Front 257

Governor Morris

Back 257

A Pennsylvania representative who spoke harshly against southern slavery, but was ultimately over ruled by the other delegates and no law prohibiting slavery was passed.

Front 258

Anne Boleyn

Back 258

Second wife of kind Henry, mother of queen elizabeth

Front 259

Status of Slavery

Back 259

Largely debated between northern and southerners. At the Constitutional Convention no mutual agreement was reached and it would be later addressed in 1808. The north and south would continue with the ways they had previously.

Front 260

Elizabeth

Back 260

Daughter of king henry and anne bolyn, protestant

Front 261

Articles of Confederation

Back 261

The original plan for government that was approved by Congress in November 1777. The articles placed a lot of restraints on federal government, not allowing Congress to tax. It also only gave each state one vote in Congress. Overall, the Articles were a failure and created a weak national government

Front 262

Townshend Acts

Back 262

This taxed paper, lead, paint, glass, and tea. Britain hoped to generate funds to pay salaries of royal governors and imperial officers so they didn’t have to rely on colonial assemblies. It leads to boycotting and more protesting, and the circular letter.

Front 263

Land Ordinance of 1785

Back 263

established an organized way to lay out new townships and marketpublic lands in the Western territory. Divided a 6 square mile area of land into 36 sections of 640 acres and sold land for a dollar an acre. Public response was not as good as Congress hoped it would be and most of the land was bought by Manasseh Cutler and the Ohio Company.

Front 264

Sir Humphrey Gilbert

Back 264

Irish, 1569 he was a military govenor

Front 265

Northewest Ordinance

Back 265

provided a new structure for governing the Western territory. Created 3-5 terrritories ruled by a governor, secretary, and three judges. When population reached 5000, an elected assembly was formed and when population reached 60000, the territory could become a state.

Front 266

Stamp Act

Back 266

Another idea of George Grenville. Required Americans to buy special seals or stamps to validate legal documents. It also taxed deeds, marriage licenses, and playing cards

Front 267

Constitutional Covnention

Back 267

Occured in spring of 1787. 55 men from 12 states (Rhode Island didn't participate) gathered in Philedelphia and the Constitution was written during this time. The purpose of the meeting was to develop a stronger national government after Shay's Rebellion occured.

Front 268

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 268

English, dispatched two captins to America, Raleigh named the area that England had calimed Virginia.

Front 269

Theory of State Soverignty

Back 269

The idea that each state could have it's own independent government and wouldn't have to answer to a higher national government. Anti-Federalists supported this theory.

Front 270

Sugar Act

Back 270

An act created by George Grenville that was formed in order to generate revenue from the colonies. It's purpose was to discourage smuggling and other illegalities that prevented the Navigation Acts from being profitable.

Front 271

The History of State Constitutions

Back 271

State Constitiutions generally focused on natural rights of right of conscience, security of persons and property, and the freedoms of religion, speech, and press. Most state consitutions gave the governor very little power since people had been oppressed by royal governors before the Revolution. This made the legislature very powerful. Overall, the state constitutions gave people ideas of what did and didn't work in government when they were writing the Constitution.

Front 272

Glorious Revolution

Back 272

occured in 1688 when King James II of England was overthrown by a union of members of Parliment (and those who supported the Parliment) and William the III of Orange (later William of Orange); altered course of political history in England

Front 273

The Society of the Cincinnati

Back 273

a hereditary organization in which membership passed from from the father to the eldest son. Republicans didn't like this because they thought that power in politics would be based on relatives.

Front 274

Virginia Resolves

Back 274

The ideas presented to the Virginia House of Burgesses by Patrick Henry. They suggested that Americans had the right to tax themselves and that the British taxes were designed to destroy American liberty. Although they were turned down by the House of Burgesses, colonial press made it seem like they were not and the resolves became nationally accepted.

Front 275

Primogeniture

Back 275

when the oldest child inherited all of the state and the younger children were excluded entirely

Front 276

Oliver Cromwell

Back 276

an English military and political leader best known for overthrowing the English monarchy

Front 277

San Souci Club

Back 277

a society similar to the Society of the Cincinnati, where membership was based on hereditary lineage.

Front 278

Earl of Bute

Back 278

King George III original chief minister. Gained the position simply by being a friend of the kings, so gained national dislike. He lert office in 1763 because of this

Front 279

Joint-stock company

Back 279

a business organization in which lots of people could invest without fear of bankruptcy; Virginia Company was a joint stock company

Front 280

Lord Rockingham

Back 280

replaced Grenville. Wanted to repeal the Stamp Act but was a terrible public speaker, so wouldn't do so until he gained public support. Encouraged English merchants to petition the Stamp Act and it was eventually repealed.

Front 281

Richard Hakluyt

Back 281

encouraged England to settle the New World and argued the economic potential in had

Front 282

William Pitt

Back 282

The man responsible for England's victory in the Seven Year's War. Defended the colonists position in repealing the Stamp Act.

Front 283

Sir John Rolfe

Back 283

experimented with tobacco in the Virginia colonies and discovered that it could be a very valuable export for them; married Pocahontas

Front 284

Charles Townshend

Back 284

The chancellor of the exchequer to William Pitt. Made the decision to pass the Townshend Acts to gain revenue from the colonies. Townshend Acts made the colonists upset by taxing things like paper, glass, paint, lead, and tea.

Front 285

Captain John Smith

Back 285

the man often known for saving the Virginia colonies by becoming a strict leader and making the colonists work in order to survive

Front 286

Quartering Act

Back 286

required the colonists to house British soldiers and provide them with firewood, candles, beer, and other items.

Front 287

Sir Edward Sandys

Back 287

encouraged private investors to develop their own estates in Virginia and led a group of stockholders to take interest in the new colony; encouraged the selling of tobacco in Virginia

Front 288

Lord Hillsborough

Back 288

England's secretary for American affairs who ordered the Massachusetts House of Representatives to take back their circular letter. He was defied by a vote of 92 to 17.

Front 289

Virginia Company

Back 289

a pair of joint stock companies that wished to establish settlements on the coast of North America

Front 290

Thomas Hutchinson

Back 290

royal governor of Massachusetts. He was a Loyalist and had a hard time gaining public acceptance

Front 291

Headright

Back 291

a method of distributing land in which colonists who covered their own transportation cost to America received a 50 acre lot that they only had to pay a small rent for. This also applied for each slave the colonist brought with them.

Front 292

"Christian Sparta"

Back 292

an ideal commonwelth in which vigilant citizens would constantly guard against the spread of corruption, degeneracy, and luxury. An idea of Samuel Adams.

Front 293

House of Burgesses

Back 293

first convened in 1619, it gave wealthy planters a voice in government

Front 294

Samuel Adams

Back 294

A radical leader involved in the Continental Congress who pushed towards revolt against

Front 295

Sir George Calvert and later Lord Baltimore

Back 295

The driving force behind the founding of Maryland. He was Catholic, and the king’s secretary of state. First he sponsored a colony of the coast of Newfoundland but after visiting he decided no one would want to live there. Eventually gets 6 million acres in Maryland and has total authority over anyone living there, using a feudal system.

Front 296

John Adams

Back 296

A member of the Continental Congress willing to sever ties with Britain.

Front 297

Separatists

Back 297

People who believed the England Church had too many traces of its Catholic origin. They left the state church, and England made all citizens attend service, so they moved to Holland instead of compromising. Some separatists feared children were becoming too Dutch, so vowed to move to America.

Front 298

Thomas Paine

Back 298

Wrote best selling Common Sense which provoked colonists to rebel against King George III.

Front 299

William Bradford

Back 299

Among the separatists that moved to America; wrote one of the first accounts of an early American settlement, called Of Plymouth Plantation. Eventually, elected as a governor.

Front 300

Common Sense

Back 300

Written by Thomas Paine. Stated that King George III should be held accountable for the injustice against the colonies.

Front 301

Mayflower Compact

Back 301

An agreement signed by 41 men to combine themselves together into a civil body.

Front 302

American Crisis

Back 302

A pamphlete written by Thomas Paine in 1776. Decribed the hardships of Americas soldiers.

Front 303

Puritans

Back 303

Pointed out civil imperfections and urged everyone to try to fulfill the commands of Scripture. They were products of the Protestant Reformation. They sparked the English Civil War which generated bold new thinking about republican government and popular sovereignty. Believed in Calvinist notion but looked for hints that they were on God’s elect.

Front 304

John Locke

Back 304

Written in 1690 and became American political practice. Said that all men had the right to life, libery, and property. Also justified rebellion against unjust rebellion.

Front 305

John Winthrop

Back 305

He was a Puritan. In 1629, Winthrop and associates signed the Cambridge Agreement, which said they would venture out to Massachusetts Bay Company. They sailed out and became a Puritan colony with Winthrop as their governor.

Front 306

Public Virtue

Back 306

The sacrifice of self-interest to the public good. Necessary to prevent power from becoming corrupt

Front 307

Congregationalism

Back 307

A form of church government system where each village was independent of outside interference. It was used by the Bay Colonists.

Front 308

George Grenville

Back 308

Held the task of reducing England's debt. Implemented the Sugar and Stamp Acts.

Front 309

Antinomianism

Back 309

Religious ideas of Anne Hutchinson. It was very confusing, and when asked to explain she stated she experienced divine inspiration from the Bible or the clergy. Teachings invited civil and religious anarchy.

Front 310

Patrick Henry

Back 310

Introduced 5 resolutions protesting the Stamp Act. Spoke out against Parliament and was accused of treason. However his ideas were published and called the Virginia Resolves.

Front 311

Governor Nicolls

Back 311

Drew up a legal code in 1665 known as Duke’s Law. Allowed migrants from New England to take up farms west of the Hudson River. Promised the settlers an opportunity to establish an elected assembly, a headright system, and liberty of conscience. This created chaos because the duke gave the land to two people.

Front 312

Sons of Liberty

Back 312

A group of men leading resistance against Britain's policies in America. They burned down a stamp distributors house in protest of the Stamp Act.

Front 313

Peter Stuyustant

Back 313

Urged the settlers to resist giving up to the English. None of them obeyed.

Front 314

William Pitt

Back 314

Led the victory of the Seven Years War. Defended the colonists against Parliaments oppresion

Front 315

George Fox

Back 315

A shoe maker with a powerful religious message. A quaker who told everyone they could be saved if they looked deep enough. He had many followers. He thought everyone was equal in the eyes of god. They put him and many of his followers in jail and many of the people wanted them to die. The puritan magistrate in Massachusetts bay.

Front 316

The Massachusetts Circular Letter

Back 316

Suggested how to thwart the Stamp Act and was spread throughout colonial assemblies. Eventually intercepted by a British official, but this only added more fuel to the colonists fire.

Front 317

Roger Williams

Back 317

He was a separatist. He questioned the kings charter because the land was not first purchased form the indians. The magistrates tried to reason with his demands, but he would not compromise, they banished him from the colony, he founded rhode island.

Front 318

“Freemen”

Back 318

The word feeman was extened to all adult men who were part of the congregational church.

Front 319

Anne Huchinson

Back 319

She thought no one should obey man made laws. They saw her as a threat to society and sent her to Rhode island

Front 320

William Penn

Back 320

Penn was the leader of the Quakers. He st up Pennsylvania he had the holy experiment and he waned everyone to be the same and simple. He signed the charter of liberties. He recruited people to join him. He made a profit off of wheat.

Front 321

Charter of Liberties

Back 321

Penn signed the charter of liberties a new frame of goverment that established a unicameral or one house leislature. The charter provided political seperation from the toher three counties.

Front 322

James Orlethorpe

Back 322

A brittish general and a menber of parliment. HE tried but failed to capture the spanish fortress in St. Augustine. THe colony existence was because of Orlethorpe.

Front 323

Sumptuary law

Back 323

statutes that limited the wearing of fine apparel to the wealthy and prominent; used by New Englanders when they started to establish social classes

Front 324

Navigation Acts

Back 324

A series of rules imposed on the American colonies by England that basically limited their options for trading. They restricted the colonies to only trading with Engalnd and made the colonists pay import duties to England

Front 325

Staple Act

Back 325

Also know as the Navigation act of 1663, this act stated that nothing could be imported into America unless it had first been transshipped through England. This greatly increased the price colonial comsumers had to pay

Front 326

Plantation Duty

Back 326

A duty imposed on colonists by England that made them pay a sum of money equal to normal English custom duties on certain good in various English ports. This duty prevented colonists from not paying customs

Front 327

Half-Way Covenant

Back 327

A compromise made by Puritan ministers that allowed the grandchildren of persons in full communion to be baptized even though their parents couldn't demonstrate conversion.

Front 328

Nathaniel Bacon

Back 328

The man responsible for starting Bacon's Rebellion, which was an attempt to overthrow governor William Berkeley. He was originally from England and moved to Virginia to make money.

Front 329

Great Migration

Back 329

In the 1630s and early 1640s when approximately 20,000 came to the New World from England.

Front 330

Charles II

Back 330

Part of the restoration in 1660. While he was in reign they did not write a good policy about commerce mercantilism government policies. Sent soldiers over to stop the fighting with Berkley and Bacon.

Front 331

Royal African Company

Back 331

1672 The Royal African company was chartered to get slaves for the colonies.

Front 332

Mercantilism

Back 332

When a country is very dependent on their exports and that one party may benefit while another doesn't. They don't want to trade internationally.

Front 333

Stono Uprising

Back 333

1739 The blacks rose up against the whites and tried to start a rebellion in South Carolina. They did not win. This did worry the whites.

Front 334

Sir William Berkely

Back 334

When the indians came and attacked the colonists bacon asked berkley if he could get an army to fight the indians berkley told him no. Berkely saw Bacon as a traitor they disagreed, because bacon was mad at berkely jasmestown got burned down.

Front 335

Glorious Revolution

Back 335

There was a Glorious Revolution in Massachusetts Bay, New York and Maryland. In Massachusetts there was a political disagreement between the Anglicans and the puritans. In New York a group started Leislers Rebellion in the name of William and Mary. They did not like the Anglo Dutch. In Maryland they found out about James's overthrow and everyone got angry. They petitioned the crown to turn Maryland to a royal colony.

Front 336

Slave Trade

Back 336

Slave trade started out small when the American colonists discovered how well they worked for the Spanish. After a while colonies became dependent on slaves. 400,000 slaves survived the trip to America, they arrived from 1600 to 1800.

Front 337

Jacob Leisler

Back 337

He resented the success of the Anglo-Dutch. When news of the Glorious Revolution reached New York, he raised a group of militiamen and seized the local fort in the name of William and Mary. He was in charge of Leisler’s rebellion, and he eventually seized control of New York’s government. Although he was executed a traitor, his followers defended his memory against detractors well into the 18th century.

Front 338

Cotton Mather

Back 338

He was a leading Congregational minister. During the Salem Witch trials, he said it was better to let 10 witches go free then have one innocent person die. The colonial government accepted the minister’s advice, and the trials were over. Although, he wrote a book on witchcraft that related to the hysteria that resulted into the Salem Trials.

Front 339

John Winthrop

Back 339

He would have never said he was proud to be a part of the English nation. During his lifetime, Massachusetts settlers developed an inflated sense of their independence from the mother country.

Front 340

Enumerated goods

Back 340

Certain essential raw materials produced in the North American colonies, such as sugar, tobacco, and rice specified in the Navigation Acts, which stipulated that these goods could be shipped only to England or its colonies.

Front 341

Nat Turner

Back 341

A slave who led a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia that resulted in over 55 black deaths and 56 white deaths.

Front 342

Jamestown Massacre

Back 342

Nathaniel Bacon burned Jamestown to the ground during his rebellion, with his followers

Front 343

Bacon's Rebellion

Back 343

Led by Nathaniel Bacon. A revolt against Virginia's politicians especially William Berkley. Ended up burning Jamestown and causing chaos throughout the Chesapeake Bay.

Front 344

Edmund Andros

Back 344

Selected by King James II as the governer of the royal colony New England. Ruled as a tyrant over colonists and was eventually overthrown.

Front 345

Restoration

Back 345

Follows the 10 years of no king. From 1660-1685 when the monarchs returned to the English throne. There was a lack of political stability.

Front 346

William and Mary

Back 346

Took the throne as joint monarchs after the overthrow of James II. Were protestants. Accepted a Bill of Rights stipulating the constitutional rights of all Englishmen.

Front 347

James II King James War

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(r. 1685-1688). Was forced into permanent exile after lifting restrictions on Catholics. The Protestants overthrew him in what is called the Glorious Revolution.

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Great Awakening

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a sudden spontaneous series of Protestant revivals, caused men and women of all backgrounds to rethink basic assumptions about church and state, institutions and society.

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Fort Duquesne

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French fort located at the strategic fork in the Ohio River and later renamed Pittsburg

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King Georges War

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(1743-1748) known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succesion. The colonists scored a victory over the French

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Albany Plan

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created by Benjamin Franklin. envisioned the formation of a grand council made up of elected delegates from various colonies to oversee the matters of common defense, western expansion, and Indian affairs. Also included a general appointed by the king.

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Albany Congress

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The meeting between British officials and representatives from Virginia, Maryland, and the northern colonies. Envisioned Albany Plan.

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Seven Years War

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French and Indian War. The British fought to rid the French of the New World in order to gain western expansion.

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Peace of Paris

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Signed on Feb. 10, 1763. Gave Britain an empire of land after defeating the French

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George Whitfield

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A young inspiring preacher from England. Spread religious ideas throughout colonies and greatly contributed to the Great Awakening. Follwed Jon Ed.

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Jonathan Edwards

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Sparked the Great Awakening. Encouraged people to return to the church and spread ideas of predestination.

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Parliament

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Claimed to be a model for the American society, but they were known for corruption and bribery.

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William Pitt

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Was the most powerful minister in king Georges cabinet. He thought he was the only one who knew how to save the British empire. He thought that england and france should fight in the Americas. He led them to capture Louisbough which cut off all canadas supply with the french.

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John Trenchard and Thomas Gordon

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Most famous of the commonwealthmen.

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General Braddock

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Led an army to fight in the French and Indian war. They were going across a river when the Indians attacked them.

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John Locke

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He was an Enlightenment thinker. Him and other men put together the enlightenment. During the enlightenment people encourages experimental science and like Christianity. These philosophers all shared the same ideas. People liked the improvement.

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Pennsylvania Dutch

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German migrants were mistakenly called this because the English confused duetsch with dutch.

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Middle Ground

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When the indians wanted to isolate themselves from the Europeans. They still continued to trade but they wanted to have an independent voice in the exchange. Exchanges occurred in the 'middle ground'

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Gilbert Tennent

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Itinerant preacher, Scots-Irish. He was like whitefield.

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Molasses Act

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Also called the Sugar Act of 1773, it placed a heavy duty on molasses imported from foreign ports

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Charles Chauncy

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minister of the prestigious Church of Boston. He suggested that the new preachers that were coming about during the Great Awakening relied too much on emotion.

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Cato's Letters

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written by two of the most famous commonwealthmen, Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard, these articles warned Englishmen of the corrupt British government and that the balance of their constitution could not save them from tyranny.

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James Davenport

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a deranged revivalist during the Great Awakening who would play upon popular emotion and urged people to burn books written by authors who had not experienced the New Light. He would dance and strip at night to the light of smoky torches..... weirdo...

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"Old Lights"

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those who wanted to continue the old ways of religion and find a balance between intellectualism and religion during the Great Awakening

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"New Lights"

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those who accepted the new religious teachings during the Great Awakening

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Evangelicals

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people who were devoted to preaching their religion.

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Henry Muhlenberg

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a leader who helped German Lutherans through a difficult cultural adjustment. He organized a meeting of local pastors in which they decided to lay delegates that ordained ministers on their own.

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mestizo

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a person of mixed race. In this chapter, it refers to the Spanish that would marry Indians while they were exploring the western frontier.

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Mullato

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When an African American and a white person have a child.

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Increase Mather

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the father of Cotton Mather who pleaded to King William to end the Dominion of New England

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King Georges War

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(1743-1748) known in Europe as the War of the Austrian Succesion. The colonists scored a victory over the French

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King William’s War

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Began in 1689 when England’s King William III declared war on Louis XIV. Canadians raided northern frontiers of New York and New England. There were no territorial gains, but it caused suffering among civilian populations of Massachusetts and New York. It ended with the Treaty of Ryswick.

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Queen Anne’s War

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Also known as war of Spanish Succession. Lots of bloody combat along American frontier. Ended when Great Britain and France signed the Treaty of Utrecht.

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Transportation Act

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It was passed in 1718, and it allowed judges in England, Scotland, and Ireland to send convicted felons to American colonies. Between 1718-1755 50,000 convicts came over.

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Navigation Acts

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Navigation Acts continued through the 17th century, making it extremely difficult for farmers to make money, and making colonists pay higher prices for necessary goods.

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Benjamin Franklin

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A thinker, philosopher, inventor, politician, and writer. He devoted himself to the pursuit of useful knowledge. He was a very important figure in the 17th century.

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English Constitution

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Americans wanted to replicate British political institutions, so it was created. It had 3 distinct parts; a monarch, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Each was meant to check the other. Americans eventually became aware of the major differences and learned something about becoming American.

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Trenton

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A battle led by Washington in which the continental army across the ice-filled Delaware River, and captured an exposed post, taking by surprise 900 sleeping Hessian Mercenaries (this was luck). They returned to Trenton again, this time being trapped by a large British force under Lord Cornwallis. Instead of standing and fighting, they marched secretly by night around Cornwallis’s left flank.

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Saratoga

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A battle in which the Continental army forced 5,800 British troops under General John Burgoyne to surrender. This is the battle that shows the French they can come into alliance with the colonists, because it showed they had hope of winning.

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Charleston

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British reached South Carolina and forced 6,000 men in the American Army to surrender. The defeat took Congress by surprise.

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Camden

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Occurred in the final years of the war in the southern theater. Cornwallis led the British army to a victory.

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Yorktown

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The final battle of the war. Cornwallis marched to Yorktown, Virginia hoping to establish a base of operations on the coast. Comte de Grasse cut him off from the sea while Washington encircled the British on land; forcing Cornwallis to surrender his entire army of 6,000 troops. The task of securing independence was now in the hands of the diplomats.

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Valley Forge

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A camp 20 miles outside of Philadelphia, where disease took the lives 2,500 American lives.

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General Cornwallis

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General for Britain. He was forced to surrender at Yorktown, but won battles at Camden, Charles Town, and Guilford Courthouse.

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General Burgoyne

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General for Britain. Forced to surrender at Saratoga. He was supposed to be a grand leader, and was so confident he carried liquor and his personal belongings with him. Resigned after Saratoga.

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General Howe

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Lead British troops to a costly victory at Bunker Hill. His planning also lead to Burgoyne’s failure at Saratoga. He also captured Philadelphia and New York.

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General Washington

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Won the battle at Trenton, and led America through most of the Revolutionary War, when appointed by the Second Continental Congress. He learned from the French and Indian War success depended on endless drilling, careful planning, and tough discipline.