Chapter 9.1: Protein Synthesis And Gene Expression

Front 1

recombinant bovine growth hormone (rBGH)

Back 1

Growth hormone produced in a laboratory and injected into cows to increase their size and ability to produce milk.

Front 2

protein synthesis

Back 2

Joining amino acids together, in an order dictated by a gene, to produce a protein.

Front 3

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

Back 3

Information-carrying molecule composed of nucleotides.

Front 4

transcriptions

Back 4

Production of an RNA copy of the protein coding DNA gene sequence.

Front 5

translation

Back 5

Process by which an mRNA sequence is used to produce a protein.

Front 6

RNA polymerase

Back 6

Enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Front 7

promoter

Back 7

Sequence of nucleotides to which the polymerase binds to start transcription.

Front 8

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Back 8

Complementary RNA copy of a DNA gene, produced during transcription. It undergoes translation to synthesize a protein.

Front 9

ribosomes

Back 9

Subcellular structure that helps translate genetic material into proteins by anchoring and exposing small sequences of mRNA.

Front 10

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Back 10

RNA that makes up part of the structure of ribosomes.

Front 11

transfer RNA (tRNA)

Back 11

Amino-acid-carrying RNA structure with an anti-codon that binds to an mRNA codon.

Front 12

codons

Back 12

A triplet of mRNA nucleotides. Transfer RNA molecules bind to codons during protein synthesis.

Front 13

anticodon

Back 13

Region of tRNA that binds to an mRNA codon.

Front 14

stop codon

Back 14

An mRNA codon that does not code for an amino acid and causes the amino acid chain to be released into the cytoplasm.

Front 15

genetic code

Back 15

Table showing which mRNA codons code for which amino acids.

Front 16

mutations

Back 16

Change to a DNA sequence that may result in the production of altered proteins.

Front 17

neutral mutation

Back 17

A genetic mutation that confers no selective advantage or disadvantage.

Front 18

reading frame

Back 18

The grouping of mRNAs into 3 base codons for translation.

Front 19

frameshift mutation

Back 19

A mutation that occurs when the number of nucleotides inserted or deleted from a DNA sequence is not a multiple of 3.

Front 20

repressors

Back 20

A protein that suppresses the expression of a gene.

Front 21

activators

Back 21

A protein that serves to enhance the transcription of a gene.