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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is cognition? |
All the mental activities associated with Thinking Knowing Remembering Communicating information |
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What are Concepts? |
Mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people. |
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How do we usually form Concepts? |
By developing prototypes. |
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What is a prototype? |
A mental image or best example of a category.
E.g. "a Robin is a bird" and "a penguin is a bird" but we associate Robins with bird more so than penguins. |
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What are 5 different cognitive strategies for problem solving? |
Trial and error Algorithm Heuristics Insight Mental set |
T.H.A.I.M |
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What is algorithmic? What are its disadvantages? |
- A step-by-step procedure to solve a particular problem
- Can be laborious and exasperating |
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What is heuristics? What are disadvantages? |
-A simple thinking strategies that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently
- more error-prone than algorithms |
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What is insight? What are its disadvantages? |
A sudden realization of a solution
Contrast with strategy based |
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What is confirmation bias? |
A tendency to search for information that supports your beliefs And ignore contradictory evidence |
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What is fixation? |
Cannot see a problem from a fresh or different perspective |
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What is mental set? |
Our tendency to approach a new problem with the same mind-set that has worked with a different problem
Example of fixation |
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What is intuition? |
Are fast, automatic, unreasoned Feelings and thoughts |
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What is the availability heuristic? |
Estimating the likelihood of an event Based on mental availability
(How easily it comes to mind) |
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What is overconfidence? |
Overestimating the accuracy of our knowledge and judgments |
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What is belief preserving? |
Our tendency to cling to our beliefs
When faced of controdictory evidence |
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What is framing? |
The way we present an issue
E.g. one tells patients that 10% of people die during surgery. The other says that 90% survived. Although the information is the same the effect is not. |
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What is creativity? |
The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
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What is convergent thinking? |
Narrowing solutions to a problem to determine the best solution |
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What is Divergent thinking? |
Expanding the number of solutions to a problem |
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What are the five components to creativity? |
Expertise: well-developed knowledge
Imaginative thinking skills: see things in a novel way
Venturesome personality: seeking new experiences
Intrinsic motivation: driven by intrest, satisfaction, and challenge
Creative environment: sparks, supports, and refines creative ideas |
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What is language? |
Spoken, written, or signed words
That we combine to communicate meaning |
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What is a phoneme? |
In a language The smallest distinctive sound unit
E.g. "bat" phonemes are b, a, and t. "That" phonemes are th, a, and t. |
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What are morphemes? |
In language The smallest unit that carries meaning
Maybe a word or part of a word E.g. ball is a morpheme baseball and basketball |
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What is grammar? |
A system of rules That enables us to communicate with one another |
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What is syntax? |
The correct way to string words together to form sentences |
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What is semantics? |
The set of rules For deriving meaning from sounds. |
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What is repetitive language? |
A babies ability to understand what is said |
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What is productive language? |
Babies ability to produce words |
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Describe the Babbling stage? |
The infant spontaneously utters various sounds
At first unrelated to the household language |
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Describe the one-word stage? |
From about age 1 to 2 The child speaks mostly in single words |
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Describe the two-word stage? |
Beginning around Age 2, The child speaks mostly in two word statements |
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Describe telegraphic speech? |
Speaking mostly in nouns and verbs |
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What is aphasia? |
Impairment of language
Usually caused by left hemisphere damage
To Broncos or wernickes area |
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What is the broca's area? |
Controls language expression Located in the left hemispheres of the frontal lobe. |
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What is the Wernickes area? |
Controls language receptions (comprehension and expression) Located in the left temporal lobe |
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What is linguistic determinism? |
Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
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