Chapter 9: Theories Of Social Development

Front 1

Psychic Energy

Back 1

Freud's term for the collection of biologically based instinctual drives that he believed fuel behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 2

Erogenous Zones

Back 2

In Freud's theory, areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development

Front 3

ID

Back 3

In psychoanalytic theory, the earliest and the most primitive personality structure. It is unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure

Front 4

Oral Stage

Back 4

The first stage in Freud's theory, occurring in the first year, in which the primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity

Front 5

Ego

Back 5

In psychoanalytic theory, the second personality structure to develop. It is the rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality

Front 6

Anal Stage

Back 6

The second stage in Freud's theory, lasting roughly from 1 to 3 years of age, in which the primary source of pleasure comes from defecation

Front 7

Phallic Stage

Back 7

Third stage in Freud's theory, lasting from age 3 to 6, in which sexual pleasure is focused on the genitalia

Front 8

Superego

Back 8

In psychoanalytic theory, the third personality structure, consisting of internalized moral standards

Front 9

Internalization

Back 9

The process of adopting as one's own attributes, beliefs, and standards of another person

Front 10

Oedipus complex

Back 10

Freud's term for the conflict experienced by boys in the phallic period because of their sexual desire for their mother and their fear of retaliation by their father.

Front 11

Electra Complex

Back 11

Freud's term for conflict experienced by girls in the phallic stage when they develop unacceptable romantic feelings for their father and see their mothers as a rival.

Front 12

Latency Period

Back 12

The fourth stage in Freud's theory, lasting from age 6 to age 12, in which sexual energy gets channeled into socially acceptable activities

Front 13

Genital Stage

Back 13

The fifth and final stage in Freud's theory, beginning in adolescence, in which sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse becomes a major goal

Front 14

Systematic Desensitization

Back 14

A form of therapy based on classical conditioning, in which positive responses are gradually conditioned to stimuli that initially elicited a highly negative response. (This approach is especially useful in treatment of fears and phobias)

Front 15

Intermittent Reinforcement

Back 15

Inconsistent response to the behavior of another person, for example, sometimes punishing an unacceptable behavior and sometimes ignoring it

Front 16

Behavior Modification

Back 16

A form of therapy based on principals of operant conditioning in which reinforcement contingencies are changed to encourage more adaptive behavior

Front 17

Vicarious Reinforcement

Back 17

Observing someone else receive a award or punishment

Front 18

Reciprocal Determinism

Back 18

Bandura's concept that child-environment influences operate in both directions; children are affected by aspects of their environment, but they also influence the environment

Front 19

Perceived Self-Efficacy

Back 19

An individual's beliefs about how effectively he or she can control her own behavior, thoughts, and emotions in order to achieve a desired goal

Front 20

Self-Socialization

Back 20

The idea that children play a very active role in their own socialization through their activity preferences, friendship choices, and so on

Front 21

Role Taking

Back 21

Being aware of the perspective of another person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings

Front 22

Hostile Attributional Bias

Back 22

In Dodge's theory, the tendency to assume that other people's ambiguous actions stem from a hostile intent

Front 23

Entity/helpless Orientation

Back 23

A general tendency to attribute success and failure to enduring aspects of the self and to give up in the face of failure

Front 24

Incremental/Mastery Orientation

Back 24

A general tendency to attribute success and failure to the amount of effort expended and to persist in the face of failure

Front 25

Entity Theory

Back 25

A theory that a person's level of intelligence is fixed and unchangeable

Front 26

Incremental Theory

Back 26

A theory that a person's intelligence can grow as a function of experience

Front 27

Ethology

Back 27

The study of evolutionary bases of behavior

Front 28

Imprinting

Back 28

A forum of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of their species (usually their mother)

Front 29

Parental-investment theory

Back 29

A theory that stresses the evolutionary basis of many aspects of parental behavior, including the extensive investment parents make in their offspring

Front 30

Microsystem

Back 30

In the bioecological model, the immediate environment that an individual personal experiences

Front 31

Mesosytem

Back 31

In the bioecological model, the interconnections among intermediate, or microsystem, settings

Front 32

Exosystem

Back 32

In the bioecological model, environmental settings that a person does not directly experience but that can affect the person indirectly

Front 33

Macrosystem

Back 33

In the bioecological model, the larger cultural and social context within which the other systems are embedded

Front 34

Chronosystem

Back 34

In the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems

Front 35

Child Maltreatment

Back 35

Intentional abuse or neglect that endangers the well-being of anyone under the age of 18

Front 36

ADHD (Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)

Back 36

A syndrome that involves difficulty in sustaining attention