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5 Cards in this Set
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What is self-actualization?
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Self-actualization is part of Maslow's (1987) theory of motivation
It is a term originated by Goldstein (1939) which is defined as "to become everything that one is capable of becoming". Its the desire for self-fulfilment and developing to ones potential This self-fulfilment takes different forms for different people. Examples of ways of self-actualization include creativity, understanding and the desire to be an ideal mother It is the highest level after in the theory of motivation Maslow's theory of motivation has five level. The first four are basic or deficiency needs. They are: Physiological needs: food, drink, sleep, basic sex Safety needs: physical, economic, psychological safety Need for love and belonging: affection, intimacy, roots in the family or group Need for esteem: competence, adequacy, self-respect and respect for others Need for self-actualisation: "becoming what one is capable of becoming" He studied people based on a criteria that he believed identified them as having achieved self-actualization. Examples of people he identified include Einstein and William James Important = it demonstrates the ability to change and develop once our more basic needs are met Criticisms = limited sample size and based on his own informal value judgements |
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What is defence mechanism?
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Defence mechanism is a term used in Freud's psychodynamic theory
It is a counter to conflict between different elements of the psyche which causes anxiety or anguish These elements of the psyche are the id which is concerned with pleasure seeking from biological needs, the ego which is reality-testing consciousness and the super-ego which is the moral, regulatory power Examples of defence mechanisms are repression which is a refusal to acknowledge feelings, displacement which is where an unconscious motivation is taken out on another less threatening target and reaction formation which is a repressed impulse being kept in check by exaggerating the opposite tendency Important = important in psychodynamics in that they help to explain why people behave in certain ways |
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What are personal constructs?
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Personal constructs are core to George Kelly's (1955) personal constructs theory
Constructs are personal discriminations which underpin how people view their world Constructs are bipolar such as friendly - cold, or stimulating - dull A way a person view's the world are captured in a repertory grid In this way associations between elements can be found out eg an association between intelligence and coldness Important = useful way of determining how a person views their world and comparing individuals or groups of people Once these associations have been found, fixed role therapy can be used to address rigidity of thinking Kelly proposed that people can choose to change by viewing the world differently, called constructive alternativism |
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What is psychodynamics?
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Psychodynamics is one broad theme of Sigmund Freud's contribution to the perspective of psychoanalysis
The unconscious interaction between the elements of the psyche The three elements of the psyche are: The id is the aspect of the psyche focused on pleasure of biological needs The ego is the aspect of the psyche concerned with reality testing. It is also concerned with integrating the different aspects of self The super-ego is the conscience which is the moral regulatory power The inter-psychic conflict between the different aspects of the psyche causes anxiety which we unconsciously combat with defence mechanisms Example = sexual desire is seen to come from the id and is controlled by fear of punishment (the ego) or guilt (the super-ego) Important = psychodynamic theory underlies psychoanalytic psychology and psychoanalytic therapy |
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What is oedipal conflict?
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Oedipal conflict is one stage in Sigmund Freud's stages of psychsexual development
It is Freud's explanation of childhoods development as part of his psychodynamic theory He suggested that children go through a series of psychosexual stages where different part of the body provide pleasure and drive particular behaviours and feelings It is the third stage - the phallic stage - in which the oedipal conflict arises The oedipal conflict comes about when boys, in the phallic stage, associates the stimulation he gets from his penis with his mother. His father is seen as a competitor for his mother's affections. He proposed a similar anxiety in girls which he called penis envy which he saw as the anxiety of not having a penis, along with the social benefits of being a man Important = Freud used this theory to explain how parental values are passed on to children and how children's personalities are influenced by their parents Important = Explains the role of childhood experiences on adult life Criticism = based on Freud's own experiences rather than on observable evidence |
