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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is muscle tone?
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is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles which does not produce active movements
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NAME
is the constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles which does not produce active movements |
muscle tone
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What does muscle tone do?
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keeps the muscles firm, healthy, and ready to respond to stimulus
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NAME
keeps the muscles firm, healthy and ready to respond to stimulus |
muscle tone
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How do spinal reflexes account for muscle tone?(2)
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by (1)activating one motor unit and then another (2)responding to activation of strech receptors in muscles and tendons
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(1) accounts for (2) by activating one motor unit and then another and responding to activation of strech receptors in muscles and tendons
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(1)spinal reflexes (2)muscle tone
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What happens in isotonic contraction?
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the muscle changes in length and moves the load
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NAME
refers to when the muscle changes in length and moves the load |
isotonic concentrations
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What are two diferent types of contractions?
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(1)concentric (2)eccentric
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What is a concentric contractions?
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is when the muscle shortens and does work
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NAME
is when the muscle shortens and does work |
concentric contractions
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What are eccentric contractions?
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is when the muscle contracts as it lengthens
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NAME
is when the muscle contracts as it lengthens |
eccentric contractions
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NAME
increases the muscle's capacity, but the muscle neither shortens or lengthens |
tension
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Tension causes in (1)
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increase in the muscle's capacity
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can tension cause the muscle to shorten or legnthen?
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no
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When is a muscle able to devolop?
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when tension ocurs if the load is greater than the tension the muscle is able to develop
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if tensions ocurs and the load is greater than the tension the muscle is able to (1)
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develop
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(1) is the only source used directly for contractile activity
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ATP
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What is the muscle metabolism?
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is the energy for contraction
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NAME
is the energy for contraction |
muscle metabolism
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during muscle contraction, how are ATP stores regenerated?
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(1)the interaction of ADP w CP (2)anaerobic glycolysis (3)aerobic respiration
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What happens when muscle contractile activity reaches 70% of maximim? (3)
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(1)bulging of muscles compress blood vessels (2)oxygen delivery is impaired (3)pyruvic acid is converted into latic acid
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When (1), the following can happen,
the bulging of muscles compresses blood vessels, pyruvic acid is converted into latic acid, and oxygen delivery is impaired |
muscle contractile avtivity reaches 70%max
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What happens when the latic acid is produced by the muscles?
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latic acid diffuses into the blood stream (2)is picked up the and used as fuel by the liver, kidneys, and the heart (3)is converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver
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latic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid by the (1)
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liver
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What is muscle fatigue?
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is when the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract
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NAME
is when the muscle is in a stae of physciological inability to contract |
muscle fatigue
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When can muscle fatigue ocur? (4)
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(1)ATP production fails to keep pace w ATP use (2)there is relative deficit of ATP, causing contractures (3)Latic acid accumulates in the muscle (4)ionic imbalances are present
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(1) can produce rapid muscle fatigue
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intense excerise
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During muscle fatigue, can Na K pumps restores the ionic imbalance?
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no, not fast enough
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(1)excerise produces slow developing fatique
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low-intensity
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low-intensity excerise produces (1)
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slow devoloping fatigue
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(1) is the only source used directly for contractile activity
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ATP
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What is the muscle metabolism?
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is the energy for contraction
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NAME
is the energy for contraction |
muscle metabolism
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during muscle contraction, how are ATP stores regenerated?
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(1)the interaction of ADP w CP (2)anaerobic glycolysis (3)aerobic respiration
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What happens when muscle contractile activity reaches 70% of maximim? (3)
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(1)bulging of muscles compress blood vessels (2)oxygen delivery is impaired (3)pyruvic acid is converted into latic acid
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When (1), the following can happen,
the bulging of muscles compresses blood vessels, pyruvic acid is converted into latic acid, and oxygen delivery is impaired |
muscle contractile avtivity reaches 70%max
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What happens when the latic acid is produced by the muscles?
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latic acid diffuses into the blood stream (2)is picked up the and used as fuel by the liver, kidneys, and the heart (3)is converted back into pyruvic acid by the liver
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latic acid is converted back into pyruvic acid by the (1)
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liver
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What is muscle fatigue?
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is when the muscle is in a state of physiological inability to contract
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NAME
is when the muscle is in a stae of physciological inability to contract |
muscle fatigue
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When can muscle fatigue ocur? (4)
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(1)ATP production fails to keep pace w ATP use (2)there is relative deficit of ATP, causing contractures (3)Latic acid accumulates in the muscle (4)ionic imbalances are present
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(1) can produce rapid muscle fatigue w rapid recovery
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intense excerise
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During muscle fatigue, can Na K pumps restores the ionic imbalance?
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no, not fast enough
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(1)excerise produces slow developing fatique
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low-intensity
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low-intensity excerise produces (1)
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slow devoloping fatigue w rapid recovery
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What happens when the muscle is fatigued?
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(1)SR damage (2)Ca2+ regulation is disturpted
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NAME
can cause SR damage and distrupt Ca2+ regulation |
muscle fatigued
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(1) can cause dramatic changes in muscle chemistry
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vigrous exercise
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Vigrous excerise can cause dramatic changes in (1)
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muscle chemistry
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What has to happen for a muscle to return to its resting state?
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(1)Oxygen reserves must be replenished (2)lactic acid must be converted to pyruvic acid (3)Glycogen stores must be replaced (4)ATP and CP reserves must be resynthesized
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What is O2 debt?
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the extra amount of O2 needed to return muscles to resting
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NAME
refers to the extra amount of O2 needed to return muscles to resting |
O2 debt
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Only (1) of the energy released in muscle activity is useful as work
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40 %
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How much of energy released in muscle activity is useful as work?
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40%
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What happens to the rest of the energy released in muscle activity that is not used for work?
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it is lost as heat (60%)
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What prevent dangerous levels of heat from our bodies?
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by radiation of heat from the skin and sweating
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What affects the force of contraction? (3)
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(1)the number of muscle fibers contractin (2)the relative size of the muscle (3)the degree of muscle strech
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The more motor fibers, the (1) the contraction
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stronger
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The bulkier the muscle, (1)
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the greater the strength
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the (1), the stronger the contraction
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more motor fibres
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the (1) the muscle, the greater its strength
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bulkier
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When do muscles contract the strongest?
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when the muscle fibers are 80-120% of thier normal resting length
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Muscles contract the (1) when the muscle fibers are 80-120%of thier normal resting length
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strongest
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What determines the speed of contraction?
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the speed in which the ATPases split ATP
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the speed at which the ATPases split ATP determine the (1)
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speed of contraction
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two types of fibers are (1) and (2)
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slow and fast
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What are oxidative fibers?
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use aerobic pathways
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NAMEs
these fibers use aerobic pathway |
oxidative fibers
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NAME
these fibers use anaerobic pathways |
Glycolytic fibers
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What are glycolytic fibers?
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use anaerobic pathways
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(1) and (2) define three catergores: slow oxidative fibers, fast oxidative fibers, and fast glyoclytic fibers
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(1)speed of contraction and (2)ATP-forming pathways
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What are slow oxidative fibers?
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contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases and are fatigue resistant
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NAME
contract slowly, have slow acting myosin ATPases and are fatigue resistant |
slow oxidative fibers
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What are fast oxidative fibers?
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contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue
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NAME
contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and have moderate resistance to fatigue |
fast oxidative fibers
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What are fast glycolytic fibers?
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contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases and are easily fatigued
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NAME
contract quickly, have fast myosin ATPases, and are easily fatigued |
fast glycolytic
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smooth muscles are composed of (1)
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spindle shaped fibers
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(1)muscles are composed of spindle shaped fibers
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smooth
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NAME
lack the coarse connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscles but have fine ednomyisum |
smooth muscle
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Does smooth muscle have a coarse connective tissue sheath?
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no
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Smooth muscle has a fine (1)
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endomyisum
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How smooth muscle organized?
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into two layers of closely apposed fibers
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NAME
is organized into two layer closely composed of apposed fibers |
smooth muscle
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What are the two layers of smooth muscle called?
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(1)longitudinal (2)circular
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Where can you find smooth muscle?
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in walls of hollow organs except the heart
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NAME
can be found in the walls of hollow organs except the heart |
smooth muscle
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is there smooth muscle in the heart?
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no
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T or F
smooth muscle has the same contracile mechanism as skeletal muscles |
true
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What happens when the longitudinal layer of the smooth muscle contracts?
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the organ dilates and contract
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What happens when the circular layer of smooth muscle contracts?
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the ogran elgonates
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NAME
when this layer of smooth muscle contracts, the organ elgonates |
circular layer
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NAME
when this layer of smooth muscle, contracts, the organ dilates and contracts |
the longitudinal layer
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What is perisalsis?
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is alternating contractions and relaxiations of smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs
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NAME
is alternating contractions and relaxing of smooth muscles that mix and squeeze substances through the lumen of hollow organs |
perisalsis
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NAME
lacks neuromuscular junctions |
smooth muscles
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Do smooth muscle have nuromuscular junctions?
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no
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What are variosites?
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are the bulbous swellings of innervating nerves
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NAME
the bulbous swellings of innervating nerves |
variosites
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NAME
has innverting nerves w variosites |
smooth muscle
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What do variosites do?
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release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions
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NAME
release neurotransmitters into wide synaptic clefts called diffuse junctions |
variosites
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What are diffuse junctions?
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are wide synaptic clefts
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NAME
are wide synaptic clefts |
diffuse junctions
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NAME
SR is less devoloped than in the skeletal muscle and lacks a specffic pattern |
smooth pattern
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Compared to Skeletal muscles, what is the smooth muscles SR like?
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the SR is less developed than in skeletal muscle and lacks a specfic pattern
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Are there T tubules present in smooth muscles?
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yes
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Where is Ca2+ in smooth musceles?
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Ca2+ is sequestered in the extracellular space near the cavioli, allowing the rapid influx when channels are opened
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NAME MUSCLE
Ca2+ is sequestered in the extracellular space near the caveoli, allowing rapid influx when channels are opened |
smooth muscle
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Does smooth muscle have striations?
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no
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Does smooth muscle have visible sacromeres?
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no
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NAME MUSCLE
there are no visible striations and no sacromeres |
smooth muscles
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In smooth muscle, what kind of filaments are present?
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both thick and thin
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How are the thick and thin filaments arranged in the smooth muscle?
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diagonally causing smooth muscle to contract in a corkscrew manner
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What causes smooth muscle to contract in a corkscrew manner?
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the diagonally arrangement of thick and thin filaments
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In smooth muscle, (1) attach to dense bodies at regular intervels
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noncontractile intermediate filaments
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in smooth muscle, noncontractile intermediate filaments attach to (1)
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dense bodies at regular intervels
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Whole sheets of smooth muscle, exhbit (1) contractions
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slow, snychronized
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NAME
whole sheets of this muscle, exhibit slow, synchronized muscle contractions |
smooth
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How do smooth muscle contract?
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in unision reflecting their eletrical coupling w gap junctions
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Action potiental is transmitted from (1) to (2)
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cell to cell
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What are (2) things that smooth muscle can do?
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(1)act as pacemakers and set contractile pace for whole sheets of muscle (2)are self-excitatory and depolarize w/out external stimuli
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NAME
can act as pacemakers and set contractile pace for whole sheets of muscles |
smooth muscle
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NAME
some are self-exictatory and depolarize w/ out external stimuli |
smooth muscle
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Actin and myosin interact according to the (1)
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sliding filament mechanism
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(1) and (2) interact according to the sliding filament mechanism
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actin and myosin
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What is the final trigger for contractions?
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the rise in intracellular Ca2+
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Where is Ca2+ released?
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from the SR and from the extracellular space
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NAME
is released from the SR and from the extracellular space |
Ca2+
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Ca2+ interacts w (1) and (2) to activate myosin
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(1)calmodulin (2)myosin light chain kinase
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Ca2+ interacts w/ calmodulin and myosin light chain kinase to (1)
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activate myosin
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NAME
interacts w/ calmodulin and myosin light chaing kinase to activate myosin |
Ca2+
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Ca2+ binds to (1)
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calmodulin and activiates it
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NAME
binds to calmodulin and actiavtes |
Ca2+
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Actiavated calmodulin (1)
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activates the kinase enzyme
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NAME
activates teh kinase enzyme |
actiavated calmodulin
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Activated kinase transfers (1)
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phosphate from ATP to myosin's cross bridges
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NAME
tranfers phosphates from ATP to myosin's cross bridges |
actiavted kinase
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Phoshorylated cross bridges interact w (1)
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actin to produce shortening
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NAME
interact w actin to produce shortenings |
phosphorylated cross bridges
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Smooth muscles relax when (1) levels drop
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Ca2+
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What are some unique characteriscs of smooth muscles? (4)
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(1)smooth muscle tone (2)slow, prolonged contracile activity (3)low energy requirements (4)response to strech
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NAME MUSCLE
has smooth muscle tone and slow prolonged contractile activity |
smooth muscle
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NAME MUSCLE
has low energy requirements and reponse to stretch |
smooth muscle
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NAME
exhibits a stress-relaxiation response |
smooth muscle
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smooth muscle exhibits a phneomenon called (1)
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stress relaxiation repsonse
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Smooth muscle responds to strech only (1) and (2)
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(1)briefly (2)adapts to its new length
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After smooth muscle is streched briefly, does the new length have the ability to contract?
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yes
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smooth muscle's stress relaxiation response enables organs such as the (1) and (2) to temporairly store contents
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(1)stomach (2)bladder
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Smooth muscles's stress relaxiation response enables (1)
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organs such as the stomach and bladder to temporairly store contents
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NAME
certain cells can divide and increase thier numbers by hyperplasia |
smooth muscle
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Certain smooth muscle cells can divide, how do they increase thier numbers?
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by hyperplasia
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Give a example of how hyperplasia causes smooth muscles to divide? (2)
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pubetry, estrogen stimulates the synthesis of more smooth muscles, causing the uterus to grow to adult size (2)during pregrancy, estrogen stimulates uterine growth to accomodiate the increasing size of the fetus
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NAME
a example is during pregrancy, estrogen stimulates uterine growth to accomodiate the increasing size of the fetus |
how hyperplasia causes smooth muscles to divide
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NAME
a example is during pregrancy, estrogen stimulates uterine growth to accommodate the increasing size of the growing fetus |
hyperplasia
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Estrogen's effects on the uterus show (1)
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how certain smooth muscles can divide by undergoing hyperplasia
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the cells of a single unit of smooth muscle are commonly called (1)
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visceral muscle
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the cells of (1) are commonly called visceral muscle
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a single unit of smooth muscle
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What are (4) things that a visceral muscle can do?
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(1)contract rhymically as a unit (2)are eletrically coupled to one another via gap junctions (3)often exhibit spontaneous action potenitals (4)are arranged in opposing sheets and exhibit stress-relexation respones
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NAME
contract rhymically as a unit |
visceral muscle
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NAME
are electrically coupled to one another via gap junctions |
visceral muscle
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Visceral muscle are eletrically couple to one another via (1)
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gap junctions
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NAME
often exhibit spntaneous action potientals and are arranged in opposing sheets and exhibit stress-relaxiation response |
visceral junctions
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Where are multiunit smooth muscle found?
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(1)in large airways of the lungs,(2)in large arteries (3)in arrecter pilli muscles (4)attached to hair follicles (5)in the internal eye muscles
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NAME
can be found in the large airways of the lungs, in large arteries, in arrecter pilli muscles, attached to hair follicles, and in the internal eye muscles |
mulitunit of the smooth muscle
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What are (5) chraceteristics of muliunit smooth muscles?
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(1)rare gap junctions (2)infrequent spontaeous depolirazation (3)struturally independent muscle fibers (4)a rich nerve supply, which, w a number of muscle fibers form motor units (5)graded contractions in response to neural stimuli
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NAME
have rare gap junctions |
mulitunit of smooth muscle
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NAME
has infrequent spontaeous depolirzation |
multiunit of smooth muscle
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NAME
is structuarally independent muscle fibers |
multiunit of smooth muscle
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NAME
has a rich supply, which w a number of muscle fibers forms motor units |
multiunit of smooth muscle
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NAME
are graded contractions in response to neural stimuli |
multiunit of smooth muscle
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What is muscular dystrophy?
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is a group of inherited muscle destroying diseases where muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposits but muscle fibers atrophy
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NAME
is a group of inherited muscle destroying diseases where muscles enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposits but muscle fibers atrophy |
muscular dystrophy
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What does DMD stand for?
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duchenne muscular dystrophy
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What is DMD?
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is an inherited sex-linked disease carried by females expressed in males
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NAME
is an inherited sex-linked disease carried by females expressed in males |
DMD
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what happens to the victims of DMD?
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they become clumsy and fall frequently as thier muscles fail
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NAME
victims of this disease become clumsy and fall frequently as thier muscle fial |
DMD
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How does DMD progress?
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from extermites upward and victims die of respiratory faliure
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NAME
muscle failure progrosses from the extermties upward and victims die of respiratory faliure in thier late 20's |
DMD
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What causes DMD?
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lack of a cytoplasmic protien called dystrophin
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NAME
is caused by the lack of a cytoplasmic protien called dystrophin |
DMD
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Is there a cure for DMD?
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no bute myoblast transfer therapy shows promise
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Muscle tissue devolps from embyronic mesoderm tissue called (1)
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myoblasts
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How does muscle tissue develop?
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from embroyonic mesoderm tissue called myoblasts
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NAME
develops form an embroynic mesoderm tissue called myosblasts |
muscle tissue
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What are myosblasts?
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is a embryonic mesoderm tissue from which muscle tissue devlops
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NAME
is an embryonic tissue from which muscle tissue devlops |
myosblasts
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Multinucleated skeletal muscles form by (1)
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fusion of myoblasts
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(1) muscles form by the fusion of myoblasts
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multinucleated skeletal
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What is argin?
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is a growth factor that stimulates the clustering of ACH receptors at newly forming motor end plates
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NAME
is a growth factor that stimulates the cluserting of ACH receptors at newly forming motor end plates |
argin
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Do cardiac and smooth muscles fuse?
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no
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Cardiac and smooth muscles do not fuse but develop (1)
|
gap junctions at an early embryonic age
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NAME
these muscles do not fuse but develop gap junctions at an early embryonic age |
cardiac and smooth muscles
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Cardiac and skeletal muscles become (1)but can (2)
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(1)amitoitic (2)lengthen and thicken
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NAME
become amitotic but can lengthen and thicken (2) |
cardiac and skeletal muscles
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Do cardiac cells have satellite cells?
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no
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T or F
cardiac cells do have satellite cells |
false
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NAME
lack satellite cells |
cardiac cells
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Smooth muscle cells have good (1)
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regenerative ability
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NAME MUSCLE
have good regenerative ability |
smooth muscle cells
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Musclular devolopment reflects (1)
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neuromuscular coordination
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(1) reflects neuromuscular coordination
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muscular devolopment
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Development of muscles ocurs (1) and (2)
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(1)head to toe (2)proxmial to distal
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When is the peak natural neural control of muscles ocur?
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by midadolesence
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Athelics and training can improve (1)
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neuromuscular control
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|
T or F
there is no bioligcal basis for greater strength in men than women |
flase
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Women's skeletal muscles make up (1) of thier body's mass
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36
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Men's sketetal muscles make up (1) of thier body's mass
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42%
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What accounts for the differ in skeletal muscle mass of women and men?
|
testosterone
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testosterone accounts for the differ in (1)
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skeletal muscle mass of women and men
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|
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w more muscle mass, (1) are generally stronger
|
men
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T or F
body strength per unit muscle mass, however is the same in both sexes |
true
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With age, (1) tissues increases, and (2) decrease
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(1)connective tissue (2)muscle fibers
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W age, connective tissue (1), and muscle fibers (2)
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(1)increae (2)decrease
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W age, muscles become (1) and (2)
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stringer and more sinwy
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by age 80, (1) of muscle mass is lost
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50%
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|
What is sarcopenia?
|
loss of muscle mass
|
|
|
NAME
refers to the loss of muscle mass |
sacropenia
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What can reverse sacropenia?
|
regular excerise
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regular excerise can reverse (1)
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sacropenia
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Aging of the cardiovascular system affects (1)
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every ogran in the body
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(1) may block distal aerties, leading to intermitten claudication and causing serve pain in the leg muscles
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Atherscerlosis
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Atherscerlosis may block (1) leading to intermitten claduciation causing (2)
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(1)distal aerties (2)serve pain in leg muscles
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