Chapter 9 Nervous System

Front 1

The ______ system and the ______ system, coordinate and control functions in the body. They are very closey related by functionally and anatomically.

Back 1

Nervous and Endocrine

Front 2

What are the 3 general functions of the nervous system?

Back 2

Sensory, integrative (analysis), motor (action)

Front 3

The basic functional unit of the nervous system

Back 3

Neurons

Front 4

The cell body is where the nucleus and most cytoplasm is located. It is also called the _______.

Back 4

Perikaryon

Front 5

multiple and conduct impulses toward the body (recieves the stimuli). They can serve as a sensory receptors.

Back 5

Dendrites

Front 6

Single and conduct impulses away from the cell body toward another neuron or effector cell.

Back 6

Axons

Front 7

Acts like "insulation" around an axon to increase the efficency of nerve impulse conduction. ( cell membrane of glial cells tightly wrapped around axon).

Back 7

Myelin sheath

Front 8

Supporting and protecting cells in the central nervous system

Back 8

Glial Cells (Neuroglia)

Front 9

The central nervous system contains the ...

Back 9

Brain and spinal cord

Front 10

The peripheral nervous system contains...

Back 10

cord-like "nerves" (bundles of axons) outside the central nervous system.

Front 11

All sensory information is relayed to the CNS before it is ______ and _______ upon.

Back 11

Interpreted and acted

Front 12

The _ _ _ is anatomically composed of the cranial nerves and spinal nerves.

Back 12

PNS

Front 13

Impulses are conducted to the central nervous system

Back 13

Afferent (sensory)

Front 14

Impulses conducted away from the central nervous system.

Back 14

Efferent (motor)

Front 15

Voluntary actions are controlled by

Back 15

Somatic functions

Front 16

Somatic functions consist of efferent nerves that carry impulses from the CNS to _____ muscle tissue.

Back 16

Skeletal

Front 17

Self-regulating involuntary actions ( does NOT have voluntary control).

Back 17

Autonomic Function

Front 18

Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system are subdivisions of the

Back 18

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 19

When a neuron is not being stimulated it is considered to be in _______ ______.

Back 19

Resting State

Front 20

When the cell membrane is polarized at rest. Resting fibers have + charges lined up on the outside of the cell membrane and - charges on the inside.

Back 20

Resting membrane potential

Front 21

Pumps sodium and potassium ions to the interior and exterior of the cell membrane to establish the polarized resting membrane potential. ( it has a relative negative charge during a resting state).

Back 21

Sodium-potassium pump

Front 22

The firing of a neuron (change reversal)

Back 22

Depolarization

Front 23

Depolarization creates a large change in electrical charge from negative to positive on the inside of the cell. TRUE OR FALSE?

Back 23

True

Front 24

Neurons have a high requirement for _______ and _________.

Back 24

Oxygen and Glucose

Front 25

Neurons can not reproduce but they can _________.

Back 25

Regenerate

Front 26

Tissue containing myelinated axons

Back 26

White Matter

Front 27

May be short or long , and they terminate in nerve endings

Back 27

Telodendra

Front 28

The ________ ____ _________ of the telodendra pass nerve impulses to an adjacent structure. (acetylcholine).

Back 28

Synaptic end bulbs

Front 29

Myelinated axons conduct impulses _______ than unmyelinated ones.

Back 29

Faster

Front 30

Oligodendrocytes are located in the

Back 30

brain and spinal cord

Front 31

Schawnn Cells are located in the

Back 31

Nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord

Front 32

Gaps between adjacent myelin sheaths that are responsible for Saltatory conduction.

Back 32

Nodes of Raniver

Front 33

What are the Nodes of Ranvier responsible for?

Back 33

Saltatory conduction

Front 34

Transmission of impulses occurs via ____ ______. Waves of change reversal moving along the cell membrane.

Back 34

action potentials

Front 35

What are the 3 factors that cause the resting membrane potential?

Back 35

Sodium Potassium Pump, Differential permeability of the membrane to the diffusion of ions, negatively charged anions trapped in the cell

Front 36

A stimulus must be of at least a minimum strength in order for depolarization to occur at all. TRUE OR FALSE?

Back 36

True

Front 37

No amount of stimulus can cause another action potential.

Back 37

Absolute refractory period

Front 38

During end of the repolarization period

Back 38

Relative refactory period

Front 39

Begins a fraction of a second after depolarization. (the return to resting membrane potential. Resting state is restored. (+ outside, - inside).

Back 39

Repolarization

Front 40

Neuron depolarizes to its maximum strength or not at all.

Back 40

All or nothing principle

Front 41

What is the major neurotransmitter in the parasympethic nervous system?

Back 41

Acetylcholine

Front 42

Insensitive to additional stimuli

Back 42

Refactory period

Front 43

In myelinated axons, cell membrane depolarization only occurs at the Nodes of Ranvier. True or False.

Back 43

True

Front 44

Saltatory conduction has a ____ means of conducting an action potential.

Back 44

Rapid

Front 45

______ neurotransmitters generally stimulate the postsynaptic cell membrane moves toward the threshold to produce an impulse.

Back 45

Excitatory

Front 46

________ neurotransmitters generally inhibit the postsynaptic cell farther away from the threshhold from producing a nerve.

Back 46

Inhibitory

Front 47

Gray matter is found in the

Back 47

Cerebral cortex: outerlayer of the brain

Front 48

White Matter contains fibers beneath the cortex and the corpus callosum. Fibers that connect the 2 halves of the cerebral cortex. True or False?

Back 48

True

Front 49

Junction between 2 neurons or a neuron and a target cell.

Back 49

Synapse

Front 50

Gap between adjaccent neurons

Back 50

synaptic cleft

Front 51

Neuron bringing the depolarizaton wave to the synapse. Releases a neurotransmitter.

Back 51

presynaptic neuron

Front 52

Contains receptors for the neurotransmitter

Back 52

Postsynaptic Neuron

Front 53

Branched structure on presynaptic neuron

Back 53

Telodendron

Front 54

Slightly enlarged bulb on each end of telodendron (synaptic end bulb, synaptic knob).

Back 54

Terminal Buton

Front 55

When depolarization waves reach synaptic knob, vesicles fuse with the knobs cellular membrane and dump neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. True or false?

Back 55

True

Front 56

The cellmembrane of the presynaptic neuron where the neurotransmitter is released.

Back 56

Presynaptic Membrane

Front 57

The cell membrane of the neuron or structure where the neurotransmitter binds to its receptors.

Back 57

Postsynaptic membrane

Front 58

Can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on its location in the body. Found in the parasypeticnerves system.

Back 58

acetylcholine

Front 59

Sympethic nerve system contains

Back 59

Catecholamines

Front 60

What are the two neurotransmitetrs associated with fight or flight?

Back 60

Norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 61

Dopamine is involved in

Back 61

autonomic functions and muscle control.

Front 62

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)and glycine are

Back 62

inhibtory neurotransmitters

Front 63

Found on the post synaptic membrane that breaks down acetylcholine is called

Back 63

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 64

What breaks down norepinephrine

Back 64

Monoamine Oxidase (MAO)

Front 65

What breaks down norepinephrine

Back 65

Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT

Front 66

What part of the part brain is responsible for communication,expression of emotional responses,learing,memmory and recall, and any other behavior associated with conscious activity.

Back 66

Cerebrum

Front 67

Folds in cerebral hemispheres

Back 67

Gyri (gyrus)

Front 68

Deep grooves seperating the gyri

Back 68

Fissures

Front 69

Shallow grooves seperating the gyri

Back 69

Sulci (sulcus)

Front 70

Prominent groove that divides the cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres

Back 70

Longitudinal Fissure

Front 71

What acts as the relay station in the diencephalon?

Back 71

Thalamus

Front 72

In the diencephalon what is the interface between nervous system and endocrine system?

Back 72

Hypothalamus

Front 73

What controls temperature regulation, hunger, thirst, componets of anger / rage behaviors? It exerts effects on the pituitary gland.

Back 73

Hypothalamus

Front 74

What is considered the exocrine "master gland"?

Back 74

Pituitary

Front 75

Cats infected with Feline Panleukopenia (distemper) virus (FIV) can develop cerebellar hypoplasia which results in intention tremors which interfers with motor skills. True or False?

Back 75

True

Front 76

What is the largest most rostral part of the mammalian brain?

Back 76

Cerebrum

Front 77

THis part of the brain is responsible for higher order functions - consciousness, learning, reasoning, intelligence, awareness, and thinking?

Back 77

Cerebrum

Front 78

This paart of the brain smooths out and coordinates movements, and influences balance, posture and complex reflexes. If movements are not being carried out accurately, this will stimulate or inhibit muscles to fien tune the movement.

Back 78

Cerebellum

Front 79

Lack of normal cerebellar activity causes

Back 79

hypermetria

Front 80

The passage between the brain stem and cerebrum

Back 80

Diencephalon

Front 81

The most primative part of the brain is

Back 81

the brainstem

Front 82

The brainstem maintains

Back 82

basic functions of the body

Front 83

Composed of medulla oblongata, the pons and midbrain

Back 83

Brainstem

Front 84

_____supplies nutrients and oxygen to the superficial tissues of the brain and spinal cord.

Back 84

Meninges

Front 85

What provides cushioning function?

Back 85

Cerebrospinal fluid

Front 86

This protects the brain from some toxins,but also prevetns some drugs from penetrating into the brain. Also prevents protiens, ions and other molecules.Capillary walls in the brain have no fenestrations.

Back 86

Blood-brain barrier

Front 87

12 nerve pairs PNS that originate directly form the brain

Back 87

Crainial nerves

Front 88

Tough mother consists of tough fibrous it is also called

Back 88

Dura mater

Front 89

Delicate and spiderlike

Back 89

arachnoid

Front 90

Very thin, lies on the surface of the brain and spinal cord

Back 90

Pia mater

Front 91

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Back 91

Dura matter(tough mother), arachnoid, pia mater

Front 92

Cortex is the ________ matter

Back 92

White

Front 93

Medulla is the ____matter.

Back 93

Gray

Front 94

The central part of spinal cord is called the

Back 94

Medulla

Front 95

The ___ is the outer part of the spinal cord.

Back 95

Cortex

Front 96

Neurons in the gray matter that foward sensory (afferent) nerve impulses to brain and other parts of the spinal cord.

Back 96

Dorsal Horns

Front 97

Neurons in gray matter that foward motor (efferent) nerves impulses to the spinal nerves.

Back 97

Ventral Horns

Front 98

Arises from the thoracolumbar spinal cord. It has short preganglionic and long postganglionic axons. it is found in the

Back 98

Sympathetic Nervous System

Front 99

Arises from the Brainstem and spinal cord. It has long preganglionic and short postganglionic axons.

Back 99

parasympathetic Nervous system

Front 100

Most autonomic neurons secrete either acetylcholine (ACH) or norepinephrine (NE) as a neutotransmitter. (all preganglionic neurons secrete Ach). Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons secret Ach. (Ach- releasing synapses are called cholinergic.) Most symathetic postganglionic neurons secrete norepinephrine (NE). True or false?

Back 100

True

Front 101

Cholinergic are

Back 101

Ach releasing synapses

Front 102

what are the 2 different types of receptors that ach stimulates? (chollnergic receptors)

Back 102

Muscarinic and Nicotinic

Front 103

Wahat are the two receptors that are stimulated by NE? (adrenergic receptors)

Back 103

Aplpha and Beta

Front 104

Alpha 1 is responsible for

Back 104

vasoconstriction of skin, GI tract and kidneys

Front 105

Beta 1 is responisble for

Back 105

Increased heart rate and force of contraction

Front 106

Beta 2 is responsible for

Back 106

Bronchodilation

Front 107

Nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine are two types of

Back 107

receptors

Front 108

Dorsal spinal nerve roots bring ______ information in.

Back 108

sensory (afferent)

Front 109

Ventral spinal nerve roots carry ________ information out.

Back 109

motor (Efferent)

Front 110

What part of the nervous system regulates blood pressure, heart rate, intestinal motility and diameter of the pupils. It is always not under conscious control.

Back 110

Automonic nervous system

Front 111

Fight or flight

Back 111

Sympathetic nervous system

Front 112

rest and restore. increased gastrointestinal motility and decreased heart rate and diameter of bronchioles

Back 112

Parasympathetic nervous system

Front 113

Consists mainly of norepinephrine

Back 113

sympathetic nervous system

Front 114

The cell body is in a peripheral structure called

Back 114

Ganglion

Front 115

1. It innervates smooth muscle,cardiac muscle, some glands. (innervates skeletal muscle). 2. Number of nerves in the peripheral nervous system.

Back 115

2 ways the somatic nervous system is different

Front 116

Monosynaptic reflex there are no interneurons involved. EXample. patellar reflex

Back 116

Stretch reflex

Front 117

Flexor reflex- several interneuron synapses

Back 117

Withdrawl reflex

Front 118

Contralateral reflex

Back 118

Crossed extensor relex

Front 119

The role of the upper CNS in moderating reflexes produces an inhibitory effect. True or False?

Back 119

True

Front 120

Eyelids snap shut when medial canthus is touched. It is often used to acess the depth of an animials anesthesia.

Back 120

Palpebral reflex

Front 121

When a bright light is shone in to the eye, the pupils of both eyes will normally constrict- often used to acess central nervous system function in cases of tramua and disease. ( direct and consensual response)

Back 121

Pupillary light refelx

Front 122

Involves skeletal muscle

Back 122

Somatic reflex

Front 123

REgulates smooth muscle,cardiac muscle and endocrine glands

Back 123

Autonomic reflexs

Front 124

Starts on one side of body and travels to opposite side of body

Back 124

Contralateral reflex

Front 125

Stimulus and response are on the same side of the body

Back 125

Ipsilateral reflex

Front 126

With injury intact reflex arcs caudal to the spinal cord traauma

Back 126

Hyper-reflexive

Front 127

TRamua where feflex arcs enters or leaves the spinal cord, or damage to the sensory nerve or motor nerve of the reflexs results in either

Back 127

Hypo-reflexive or absent reflex arcs.

Front 128

Back 128