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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the drainage point for the right upper body?
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The right subclavian vein
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Which blood vessel does the thoracic duct drain into?
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The left subclavian vein
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where are superficial lymph nodes located?
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subcutaneous connective tissues
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where are the deep lymph nodes located?
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beneath the muscles and within body cavities
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what part of the mediastinum is the thymus located?
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the superior mediastinum
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What is the lifespan of B-cells?
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It has a short life span of 3 to 4 days
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What is the lifespan of T-cells?
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100 to 200 days
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What is responsible for humoral immunity?
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B- lymphocytes
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Where are T cells found in the lymph nodes?
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in center
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What is the effector cells for cell-mediated immunity reactions?
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T- lymphocytes
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What is the red pulp of the spleen composed of?
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venous sinusoids
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What is the white pulp of the spleen composed of?
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lymphatic nodules and diffuse lymphatic tissue
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Where is the location of palatine tonsils?
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They are set between the palatine arches on either side of the pharynx just beyond the base of the tongue
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Where are the lingual tonsils located?
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near the base of the tongue
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Where are the adenoids located?
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at the nasopharyngeal border
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Where are peyer's patches located?
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small intestine
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When does the immune system and the lymphoid system begin developing?
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at 20 weeks of gestation
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Is the ability to make antibodies present at birth?
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no
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When is the thymus the heaviest?
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At puberty
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If you find an occipital node in a 1 year old, is it significant?
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no
Inguinal , occipital, and postauricular nodes are common before 2 years of age |
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The presence of which nodes are highly indicative of malignancy?
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Supraclavicular
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In pregnancy, what type of immunity is favored?
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The shift from cell- mediated immunity to antibody production/ humoral immunity
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Leukocyte levels ____ in pregnancy
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increase
due to increased estrogen and cortisol levels |
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The number of lymph nodes _____ in the elderly.
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Decrease
They also become more fibrotic and fatty |
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What type of malignancy would I expect with a palpable supraclavicular nodd?
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thoracic or abdominal malignancy
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What is the physical signs of Lymphagitis?
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red streaks in the skin
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What is the difference between lymphadenitis and lymphadenopathy?
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Lymphadenopathy indicates enlarged lymph nodes
Lymphadenitis indicates inflamed and enlarged lymph nodes |
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What is a lymphangioma?
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congenital malformation of dilated lymphatics
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If you find a node and it transilluminates, what should you conclude?
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It likely is not a node
As a rule , nodes do not transilluminate and fluid-filled cysts do |
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What lymph sites do infections of the ear usually drain to ?
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preauricular, retropharyngeal, and deep cervical nodes
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In tuberculosis, what is the presentation of the lymph nodes
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They are often felt in the cervical chains and are usually cold, soft and matted
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Where is a branchial cleft cyst located?
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along the lower one third of the anteromedial border of the sternocleidomastoid border
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When the lymph nodes are fixed to the underlying tissue does this indicated cancer or inflammation?
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Both
It is common in metastatic cancer and in chronic inflammation |
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Where is the typical position of a thyroglossal duct cyst?
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Found in the midline of the neck
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If an enlarged lymph node is found where else should you examine?
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PALS
Primary Site All associated nodes Liver Spleen |
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What serves as the dividing line of the anterior and posterior triangles of the neck?
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The anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscles
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where should you palpate the parotid and retropharyngeal nodes?
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At the angle of the mandible
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Where do you palpate for the supraclavicular nodes?
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In the angle formed by the clavicle and the sternocleidomastoid muscle
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Where should palpate for the posterior cervical nodes?
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along the anterior border of the trapezius muscle
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Where do you palpate for the epitrochlear nodes?
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Slightly anterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus , in the groove of the triceps and biceps muscles
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Where is the lymphatic drainage of the testes?
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intrabdominal
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What parts of the male genitalia would likely be indicated in the presence of inguinal nodes?
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the penile and scrotal surfaces
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What parts of the female genitalia would likely be indicated in the presence of inguinal nodes?
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Vulva and lower third of the vagina drain
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In acute lymphangitis, where would you look for the infection in relation to the red streak?
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look distal to the inflammation for sites of infection
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What most commonly causes acute suppurative lymphadenitis
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group A beta-hemolytic streptococci and coagulase-positive staphylococci
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After a bite from a dog or cat, what causative agent what most likely causes acute lymphadenitis?
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Pasteurella multocida
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Name the four physiologic mechanisms for lymphedema
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increased blood capillary hydrostatic pressure
decreased plasma protein concentration increased blood permeability and blockage of lymph return |
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What is the difference between primary and secondary lymphedema?
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Primary lymphedema is due to hypoplasia and maldevelopment of the lymphatic system
Secondary lymphedema is due damage to regional system |
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In lymphedema, where is the accumulation of the fluid occurring?
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Interstitial space due to lymph drainage failure
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Does limb elevation resolve lymphadenopathy?
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NO
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What are the common sites for primary lymphedema?
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It most often involves the legs, particularly the legs especially the dorsum of the foot
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Which one is pitting edema-
Lymphedema or edema? |
Both can be either pitting or nonpitting
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What defines stage III lymphedema?
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Pitting is absent
Trophic skin changes are present (acanthosis, fat deposits, and warty overgrowths) |
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What defines stage I lymphedema?
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Pitting may occur
There is early accumulation of fluid relatively high in protein content and it subsides with limb elevation |
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What are the most common sites for lymphangioma?
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neck or the axilla,
it occurs less commonly in the chest or extremites |
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What is the most common cause of secondary lymphedema worldwide?
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Lymphatic filariasis
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What is the causative agent in lymphatic filariasis?
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Filarial worms Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi that are transmitted by mosquitoes
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What is myxedema?
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dry waxy swelling that is associated with hypothyroidism
It is also seen with swollen lips and a thick nose |
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What are the some signs of non-hodgkin lymphoma?
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Painless enlarged lymph node
Fever, weight loss, night sweats, abdominal pain, or fullness |
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What virus is closely associated with Hodgkin disease
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Epstein-Barr Virus
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Where does Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma most commonly start?
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Most commonly starts in B-cell lymphocytes located in the lymph nodes
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What is the incubation period of EBV mono?
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Incubation period of infectious mononucleosis in adolescents is 30 to 50 days
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Where do you most commonly find lymphadenopathy with EBV
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in the anterior and posterior cervical nodes and the submandibular lymph nodes
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What are the symptoms and signs of EBV?
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Mod to severe pharyngitis
hepatomegaly splenomegaly generalized lymphadenopathy |
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What is the method of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii?
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ingestion or inhalation of oocytes in soil/fomites, eating undercooked meat or raw eggs
exposure to cat litter/feces |
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What is the causative agent in roseola infantum?
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Human herpes virus 6
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What are the symptoms in toxoplasmosis in an immunocompromised person?
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A single node - usually in the posterior cervical chain- that is chronically enlarged and nontender
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how is roseola transmitted?
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the virus present in the saliva of most adults and is readily transmitted by oral secretions
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What are the signs and symptoms of roseola?
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Adenopathy involving the occiptal and postauricular chains
After the fever diminishes, there is a morbilliform fine maculopapular rash occurs, spreading from the trunk to the extremities |
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How is HSV-1 transmitted ?
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HSV-1 transmitted by oral secretions , close contact
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How is HSV-2 transmitted?
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HSV-2 is transmitted by genital secretions and close contact
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How does HSV infect the human body?
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HSV causes lytic infection of fibroblasts and epithelial cells, and establishes latent infection in neurons
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What is the common cause causative agent in Cat Scratch Disease?
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Caused mainly by Bartonella henselae
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Which is the true allergy reaction, latex allergy type I or Latex allergy type IV?
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Latex allergy type I
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What is the difference between Type III and type I hypersensitivity reactions?
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In type III hypersensitivity reactions the symptoms are caused by the tissue deposition of ciculating immune complexes, the activation of complement --> inflammation
In type I the antigen-antibody reaction causes the release of histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and kinins --> these chemicals cause allergic reactions |
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What is causes the type IV latex allergy dermatitis?
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caused by the chemicals in the latex
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What tissue is not supplied with lymph nodes?
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Placenta and the brain
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How does the body protect the trophplast?
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Uterine contractility decreases and macrophages produce cytokines beneficial to growth of the trophoblast
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What are the disorders of lymph system present with three physical signs --> what are they?
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Lymphadenopathy
lymphangitis lymphedema |
