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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is leadership? |
The influence that individuals exert on the goal achievement of others in an organization |
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What is strategic leadership? |
A vision for the future. The ability to "read" the marketplace - anticipate the future |
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The formal definition of leadership is... |
Assigned leadership roles. Expected to influence others - given specific authority |
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The informal definition of leadership is... |
Individuals that do not have formal authority who take on leadership roles. |
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Informal leaders must rely on three qualities... |
being well liked, highly skilled and experienced |
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Are leaders born? What's a theory about leadership traits? |
The Trait Theory of Leadership |
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What is the Trait theory of Leadership? |
Leadership performance depends on the personal qualities or traits of the leader. |
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What is a trait? |
Individual characteristics (physical, intellectual, personality) |
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What are some traits that are associated with leadership?
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- Intelligence - Self confidence - Dominance - Emotional stability - Desire to lead - Integrity - Socialbility |
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What does research say about other traits? |
- The "big five" dimensions of personality are related to leadership emergence and success |
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What are the two most consistent predictors (from the big five) of leadership effectiveness? |
Extraversion, Conscientiousness |
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What trait is stronger for affective and relational measures with leadership? |
Personality |
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What are the limitations of the common traits of a leader? |
The situation/context in which leadership occurs
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What will determine a successful leader? |
the behaviour of the leader |
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Traits are what a leader brings to a situation behaviours are what ____________________________. |
leaders do in a situation. |
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The examination of leader behaviour answers the following questions: |
-What are the crucial behaviours of a leader? -How do crucial behaviours influence employee performance/satisfaction - Is there a particular leadership style that is more effective? |
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What was the Ohio State University Leadership study? |
Employees were asked to describe superiors along a number of behavioural dimensions. |
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What did the Ohio State University study reveal? |
Two basic categories of leadership behaviour: 1. Consideration 2. Initiating structure |
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Define the categories of leadership revealed from the Ohio State University study. |
Consideration: The extent to which a leader is approachable. Initiating Structure: The degree to which a leader emphasizes group goal attainment. (ie. structuring roles/work to be done) |
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What are the consequences of consideration, and initiating structure? |
- Both contribute to employee motivation Consideration, more strongly related to follower job satisfaction Initiating structure, more strongly related to leader job performance |
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When would you use consideration as an approach? |
-When Goals and methods are clear -When employees are highly skilled and have high level jobs. |
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When would you initiate structure? |
-When tasks or goals are unclear -There is a some form of pressure |
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what are some variables regarding situations and leadership? |
1. Employees 2. Nature of tasks/goals 3. Characteristics of the organization |
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According to Fiedler's contigency theory leadership effectiveness will depend on the match between: |
1. Leadership Orientation 2. Favourableness of the situation |
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What is leadership orientation? |
- It is measured by the leader describing their least preferred co-worker (LPC) - If they describe them favorably they are relationship oriented -The leader who describes the m unfavorably are task oriented. |
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Explain the psychology of an LPC survey? |
It reveals a personality trait that reflects the leader's motivation. The score is an attitude of the leader toward work relationships: High LPC = maintain relationship Low LPC = task oriented |
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What is Situational Favourableness ? |
Specifies when a particular LPC orientation should contribute most to group effectiveness. |
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What are the factors that affect situational favourableness? |
1. Leader-member relations 2. Task structure 3. Position power |
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According to the situational favourableness spectrum, a situation is MOST favourable for leadership when: |
- leader-member relations are good - task is structured - leader has strong position power |
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According to fiedlers contingency theory, task orientation is most effective when... |
The situation is favourable or very unfavourable |
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According to fielder's contingency theory, relationship orientation is most effective when... |
conditions are of medium favourability |
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What is House's Path-Goal Theory? |
A theory concerned with the situations under which various leader behaviours (directive, supportive, participative, achievement oriented) are most effective.
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What are the most important activities of a leader? |
Activities that clarify the paths of goals that employees desire (accomplishments, pay raise, promotion) |
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In return for these activities what are the results members should exhibit? |
- high effort - job satisfaction - leader acceptance |
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What are the behaviour options for a leader? |
1. Directive - schedule work maintain standards 2. Supportive - friendly, interpersonal relation 3. Participative - consult with others towards job 4. Achievement oriented - encourage high effort (Dictators, suppress, people, aside) |
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What are the situational Factors of Path-Goal theory? |
1. Employee Characteristics 2. Environmental factors (nature of the task) |
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What are the kinds of employee characteristics and their match with leadership? |
achievers - achievement-oriented leadership told what to do - directive leadership low task abilities - directive leadership |
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What are the kinds of environmental factors that match with leadership style? |
- Tasks are clear and routine - directive leadership is redundant - tasks are challenging but ambiguous - direct and participative leadership - frustrating/boring - supportive leadership |
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What is participative leadership? |
Participative leadership means involving employees in making work-related decisions. |
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The minimum spectrum of involvement with participative leadership is... |
Obtaining employee opinions before making a decision |
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The maximum spectrum of involvement with participative leadership is... |
allowing employees to make their own decisions within agreed-on limits |
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The Potential Advantages of Participative Leadership are: |
1. Motivation - Enriches jobs 2. Quality - empowers employees to take action 3. Acceptance - increased commitment due to perception of fairness |
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The Potential problems of participative leadership are: |
1. Time and energy 2. Loss of power 3. Lack of receptivity or knowledge |
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What is Vroom and Jago's situational model of participation? |
A model that attempts to specify: 1. when leaders should use participation 2. and to what extent they should use it. |
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Vroom and Jago recognize that there are various degrees of participative leadership. What are they? |
A - Autocratic strategies C - Consultative strategies G - Group Strategies |
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Autocratic Strategies |
AI: Leader solves the problem or makes decision alone based on info at the time AII: Leader obtains necessary info from employees, then makes a decision alone |
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Consultative Strategies |
CI: Leader shares the problem with employees individually, then makes decision alone CII: Leader shares the problem as a group, makes decision alone |
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Group Strategy: |
GII: Leader shares the problem with employees, makes decision together. |
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According to Vroom and Jago, the type of strategy to use with leadership participation is dependent on |
the situation |
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How do you know what strategy is better to use in Vroom and Jago's participation theory? |
Make a decision tree. |
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queries in this decision tree (vroom's theory) include what factors? |
- Decision quality required - Subordinate commitment - Problem structure |
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The goal of this decision tree (vrooms) is to make the highest quality decision with the ___________________, in the ___________________. |
-greatest employee commitment - shortest period of time |
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What are the 8 situation analysis steps of a decision tree? |
1. Quality Requirement - Does quality matter? 2. Commitment Requirement - from subordinates? 3. Leaders Information - does leader know enough? 4. Problem Structure - is path clear? 5. Commitment Probability - would there be co-operation if leader is autocratic? 6. Goal Congruence - do subordinates agree with goal? 7. Subordinate Conflict - do subordinates agree with each other? 8. Subordinate Information - enough to make good decision? |
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There's another theory about leadership relationship what is called?
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Leader - Member Exchange (LMX) Theory |
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What is LMX theory? |
The quality of the relationship between a leader and an employee has an impact on the performance of employees. |
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HIGH LMX is characterized by a high degree of: |
- Mutual influence - trust - loyalty - open communication |
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The basis for the effect of LMX is.... |
Social Exchange Theory |
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What is Social Exchange Theory |
You favoured me, I will favour you. |
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In high-quality relationships, employees... |
perform tasks beyond their job description |
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What is Transactional leadership? |
Leadership that is based on straightforward exchange relationship between the leader and the follower. |
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What does transaction leadership involve? |
-Contingent reward behaviour -Management by exception |
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What is transformational leadership? |
"Leadership that provides followers with a new vision that instills deep personal commitment" |
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Transformational leaders impact followers by: |
-beliefs and attitudes -performance |
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What are the 4 Dimensions of transformational Leadership? |
1. Intellectual stimulation: challenges employees to think 2. Individualized consideration: treat employees as individuals 3. Inspirational motivation: appeals to desirable values and ideas 4. Charisma: natural likeability that instills trust, loyalty, pride |
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Evidence suggests that, Transformational leadership enhances employees' perception of: |
The five core job characteristics (skill variety, task identity, task significance, autonomy, feedback) |
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What are the emerging theories of leadership: |
1. Empowering leadership 2. Ethical leadership 3. Authentic leadership 4. Servant leadership |
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What does research say about gender and leadership? |
Female leaders tend to be: - More participative, democratic - Less autocractic (no exerting dominance) - More transformational - Majority of behaviours where women exceed men = Associated with leader effectiveness - Majority of behaviours where men exceed women = Associated with leader ineffectiveness |
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What is global leadership? |
Leadership that functions effectively in different cultures |
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What are global leader characteristics? |
1. Inquisitiveness 2. Personal character 3. Duality 4. Savvy |
