Chapter 9 Key Terms

Front 1

Mood (affective) disorders

Back 1

Disturbances of mood typically accompanied by inappropriate expression of pleasure or misery; some people experience vigorous swings between the two extremes.

When mood changes in sporadic and uncontrollable ways, can experience highs and lows.

Front 2

Major Depressive Disorder

Back 2

One of the most common psychiatric illnesses, occurring in about 17% of the population, with females suffering at about twice the rate of males and characterized by one or more major depressive episodes of at least 2 weeks and at least four additional symptoms of depression.

Common mental illness, women are more likely to suffer from it, have to have at least one major depressive episode lasting at least 2 weeks and have a minimum of 4 additional depression symptoms.

Front 3

Bipolar disorder

Back 3

Mood disorder characterized by episodes of mania interspersed with episodes of depression. This disorder occurs in about 1%-1.6% of the population and is sometimes referred to as "manic depression"

Mood disorder that can be seen by highs and lows.

Front 4

Depression

Back 4

Mood disorder characterized by feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure, alterations in sleep, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and feelings of worthlessness; several variations exist.

Disorder that shows symptoms of sadness and no interest in anything that they used to be interested in.

Front 5

Prefrontal Cortex

Back 5

Area of the frontal cortex involved in many higher functions. Evidence suggests that atrophy of neurons or compromised activity in this area may lead to symptoms of depression.

Part of the frontal cortex where if messed up can lead to depression.

Front 6

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Back 6

Front portion of the older lobe of the cerebral cortex that surrounds the corpus callosum. Decreased activity in this area has been found to accompany profound sadness; thus, this area has been implicated in the symptoms of depression.

Another part of the brain that can create symptoms of depression.

Front 7

Anhendonia

Back 7

Lack of desire or pleasure. Drugs that interfere with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system produce this state.

Decrease in desire or pleasure.

Front 8

Learned Helplessness

Back 8

Usually resulting from several bouts with failure, the acquired belief that no effort can remove an individual from a stressful environment. Seligman suggests that this phenomenon may be a basis for clinical depression.

When a person believes that cannot control the situation they are in no matter what they do.

Front 9

Corticosteroids

Back 9

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex during stress. These neurochemicals influence the brain and are thought to be a trigger for depressive symptoms. Some drugs targeted at reducing corticosteroids reduce symptoms of depression.

Can trigger depression and symptoms of depression. Reducing corticosteroids can help with symptoms.

Front 10

Seasonal Affective Disorder

Back 10

Form of depression that occurs in winter months when the duration of natural light decreases.

Type of depression that happens in the winter time because the time of natural light is less.

Front 11

Iproniazid

Back 11

Drug developed in the 1950s as an antibacterial agent but later found to have antidepressant effects in patients.

Drug originally created as an antibacterial substance but was used to antidepressant effects.

Front 12

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Back 12

Class of drugs that deactivate monoamine oxidase in the synaptic area so that the monoamines have a prolonged period of activity.

Type of drug that helps monoamines stay active longer.

Front 13

Imipramine

Back 13

Synthesized originally for treatment of schizophrenic patients, this drug was observed to have antidepressant qualities. Researchers found that it influenced the synapse by blocking the reuptake of monoamine transmitters back into the terminal.

Drug that was found to block the reuptake of monoamine transmitters back to the terminal.

Front 14

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Back 14

Drugs such as imipramine that increase the activity of serotonin in the synapse by blocking its reuptake into the presynaptic neuronal terminal.

Drugs that help to block the reuptake of serotonin.

Front 15

Fluoxentine

Back 15

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor produced by Eli Lilly pharmaceutical company in 1985; this drug has the specific effect of blocking the reuptake of serotonin.

Drug created to specifically block the reuptake of serotonin.

Front 16

Reboxetine

Back 16

Relatively new drug that selectively inhibits the reuptake of noradrenaline in the synapse. Used as an antidepressant, this drug is thought to be more effective than other antidepressants at restoring social functioning in depressed patients.

Drug created for depressive symptoms and thought to be better at restoring social functioning in those who are depressed.

Front 17

Antalarmin

Back 17

New drug that inhibits the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone and has been found in animal models to reduce anxiety-like behaviors in animals. Researchers are hopeful that this drug may be used as an antidepressant in humans in the future.

Drug tested on animals and found to help depression.

Front 18

SNUBs

Back 18

Drugs that are designed to block the reuptake of more than one monoamine transmitter. These drugs differ from the original tricyclics in their weaker nature and consequently fewer side effects.

Drug that blocks the reuptake of multiple monoamine transmitters and has fewer side effects.

Front 19

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Back 19

Relatively new antidepressant treatment that involves placing a powerful electromagnet or coil on the scalp. The magnet produces depolarization in the underlying neurons in the brain.

Treatment for depression where a coil or electromagnet is put on the scalp and depolarizes the neurons in the brain.

Front 20

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Back 20

Therapy developed in the 1960s that involves the therapist working with the depressed patient to educate him or her about the disorder so that they can eventually alter behaviors and cognitions to reduce the symptoms of depression.

Therapist lets the client know about the disorder so that they can change their behavior and thoughts to help them.

Front 21

Manic Episodes

Back 21

Hyperactivity characterized by euphoria and impaired judgment; exists with depression in bipolar disorder.

The highs or euphoric sense of bipolar disorder that go along with the lows or depression.

Front 22

Lithium

Back 22

Chemical element approved in the 1970s as a drug for treatment of bipolar disorder. Although the specific biological mechanism is unknown, lithium is known to share ionic properties with some of the important ions maintaining neural functions such as magnesium and calcium.

Drug to treat bipolar disorder. Has things like magnesium and calcium in it.

Front 23

Valproate

Back 23

Anticonvulsant drug that shows promise as an effective treatment for bipolar disorder.

Possible future treatment for bipolar disorder.