Chapter 9 June 29Th

Front 1

Basis of evolution

Back 1

-DNA can copy itself
-changes to the copies at gene level sometimes

-once in a while the mutations make a difference in the person.
-we are the result of many little mutations over a really long time

Front 2

adaptation

Back 2

atomical structure, of physiology, or behavioral tendency that increases the changes for an organism to:
to survive

and to pass copies of it’s genes

Front 3

if a behavior is shared by all members of a species, what does this mean?

Back 3

it must have a function.
it's an adaptation or a byproduct of one

Front 4

details on adaptation:
survival refers to what?
passing on copies of genes means what exactly?

Back 4

-increases length and QUALITY of life

- ability to have have offspring, find a mate —- take care of offspring until the offspring are of fertile age.

Front 5

an adaptation can be what in an organism?

Back 5

anatomical structure, new physiology or behavioral tendency

Front 6

example of adaptation

Back 6

mom’s when they hear the baby cry —waking up and checking on the baby.

Front 7

EX of maladaptive behaviors

Back 7

drinking a lot
smoking

Front 8

Finish this statement:
Sometimes we think we’re doing something adaptive but is maladaptive and sometimes we think something is maladaptive

Back 8

in the right circumstance will actually be adaptive

Front 9

your genes don’t really care about your ability to sustain life or reproduce once you’ve reached

Back 9

normal reproductive age

Front 10

your nervous system is the product of

Back 10

biological evolution over a long period of time .

Front 11

when does development start?

Back 11

moment of conception

Front 12

three developmental stages inside the womb

Back 12

-germinal stage-

-embryonic stage

-fetal stage

Front 13

time lines of the three developmental stages inside the womb

Back 13

-germinal stage (first 2 weeks afer conception)

-embryonic stage (3 to 8 weeks)

-fetal stage (beginning of the 3rd month to birth)

Front 14

germinal stage

Back 14

baby is a zigote
there are stem cells

Front 15

embryonic stage

Back 15

-the period of time wth the fastest development -most vulnerable of the stages

-organs and systems are being made during this time.

Front 16

fetal stage

Back 16

-use it or lose it
-during this stage the fetus has a slim change for survival outside the womb

Front 17

why is this true?:
by the time we are born we’ve already lost one third of all the neurons we started with .

Back 17

use it or lose it:
if the access of neurons don’t establish successful connections, they will kill themselves to provide more nutrients for other neurons

Front 18

at what point does the fetus has a slim change for survival outside the womb

Back 18

-between 22 and 26 weeks

-every day makes a difference — increases survival.
- the more premature the more long term mental problems are likely

Front 19

what mental problems might happen to a fetus if it's born prematurely? name three

Back 19

emotional regulation, cognitive development issues, motor problems.

Front 20

teratogens

Back 20

conditions, agents etc. that effect negatively fetal development

Front 21

2 EX of a teratogen

Back 21

EX. cigarette smoke. – correlated with lower birthrate and those infant mortalityhigher correlation between cig smoke during preg, and ADHD
EX. alcohol — can cross placenta, unlike a lot of thingscross the blood brain barrier of the developing embryo or fetus

Front 22

synaptic pruning

Back 22

after we are born we have growth spurts, and also reorganizations of the brain:
neurons and synapses going away

Front 23

at what point in the womb does the baby start to develop their nervous system?

Back 23

week four- embryonic stage

Front 24

at what point in the womb do we have all the parts of your nervous system ?
also what are the caveats ?

Back 24

seven months? check this answer

it's still very immature at that point. we are the species born with the most immature nervous system.
We have the longest period of childhood maturing of any species

Front 25

what happens as your nervous system matures?

Back 25

more synapse and more myelin develop

Front 26

what is the last part of your N.S. to develop?

Back 26

prefrontal cortex
( logicabstract thinkingworking memory personalityjudgment thinking/cognition)

Front 27

guy with the most famous theory of cognitive development

Back 27

Jean Piaget

Front 28

two processes that we go through during different stages in cognitive development

Back 28

pg 375

assimilation

accommodation

Front 29

assimilation

Back 29

being exposed to new concepts and incorporation these concepts into big schemas (big buckets)

Front 30

EX of assimilation

Back 30

example: toddler calling an apple a ball
- although this is incorrect, this process is still useful -- for example, a child who learns how to to tie shoes will be more likely to be able to tie a bow tie later

Front 31

accommodation

Back 31

differentiating; being able to tell the difference between diff things
involves changing mental structures in response to experience

Front 32

sensory motor stage of development

what is it , and when?

Back 32

-birth to two years old (not too strict a limit)
-developing the ability to coordinate their sensory input with their mother skills

-cognitive toolbox is beginning to develop here

Front 33

object permanence

Back 33

first tool for your cognitive toolbox
-ability to realize that objects exist even when you don’t see them

- ability to form mental representations

Front 34

when do we begin to have obj. permanence according to Jean Piaget?

Back 34

between 7 and 8 months.
we fully acquire about 18 months

Front 35

why don't we have memories when we are young?

Back 35

hippocampus is really immature

Front 36

main criticism of Jean Piaget

Back 36

-underestimated cognitive developmentoften

-children often develop in mixed stages

-didn't know that societal factors influence cognitive development

Front 37

do babies have REM?

Back 37

not really because you need ability to form mental representations in order to qualify as dreaming

Front 38

Pre-operational period (operation = mental operations).
Also, what basic operations does this kid have issues with ?

Back 38

-development of use of symbolic thought

-kid is (cognitively) egocentric, has lack of conservation, centration, irreversibility

Front 39

what is it for a kid to be cognitively egocentric?

Back 39

-limited ability to share another person’s viewpoint. even visually imagine a viewpoint.

-they think everyone else shares their perspective.

Front 40

what is it for a kid to have a lack of conservation ?

Back 40

conservation is a cognitive tool- it's the ability to realize that amount doesn’t change even though shape or arrangement changes. kids at the pre-operational stage don't have this
EX- the two different size beaker experiment (video we watched)

Front 41

what is piaget's famous test to see if a kid has the mental faculty of conservation?

Back 41

different beakers test . 2 same shape. agree that the same amount of water. — then when move into new taller beaker, they will say that there isnt’ the same amount of water. say that the taller beaker has more water

Front 42

when do kids start to be able to understand abstract concepts like volume?

Back 42

around 6 or 7

Front 43

why does a kid have problems with conservation of volume? which mental faculties directly relate to this?

Back 43

centration and irreversibility

Front 44

what is it for a kid to lack centration ?

Back 44

tendency to pay attention to only one aspect of a situation at a time. while neglecting other aspects.
EX concentrating on the hight and not the width.

Front 45

what is it for a kid to lack irreversibility ?

Back 45

don’t really think about reversal of an operation.

- EX they don’t think about what would happen if it was poured back into the original beaker.

Front 46

-development of cognitive abilities at a certain age across the world are:

(and EX)

Back 46

human nature
EX ability to communicate with language. music, walking about same time of childhood. maybe war too.

Front 47

concrete operation period

Back 47

-can pay attention to more than one thing at a timetest
-can begin to be able to hold multiple classifications in mind at same time

-reversibility is new tool now

Front 48

the four operational periods of development according to Jean Piaget

Back 48

pre-operational period,

concrete operational period,

formal operational period
???

Front 49

formal operational period

Back 49

-people don't always reach this stage

-begins around 11 yrs old

thinking becomes more logical and systematic

-begin abstract thinking (before this age no algebra is possible)

Front 50

last stage of development that people believe Jean Piaget missed

Back 50

post-formal operational period

Front 51

post-formal operational period

Back 51

????? see book

Front 52

Theory of mind

Back 52

ability to realize that other people have thoughts and intensions

and ability to guess other’s emotional state and what others know of a situation

Front 53

test of if kids have gotten the theory of mind yet

Back 53

the false belief test: Mary has money in box and leaves. boy moves money. can child tell if Mary will know where the money is?
-3 yr olds don't pass false belief test

regardless of social group, 4 to 5 yr olds easily pass this test

Front 54

"regardless of social group, 4 to 5 yr olds easily pass the false belief test"
what does this tell us?

Back 54

we are prewired to develop the ability to
-be aware of what someone else is thinking

-the ability to change our own behaviors so as not to blurt out the truth. manipulate other minds
(big prefrontal cortex developmental mile stone)

Front 55

why do people manipulate/ lie?

Back 55

for reward or avoid punishment

Front 56

mental capacity of self recognition

Back 56

-during first few months of life you can’t do this -

-more when get object permanence this will come about?
around 2 years of age the kid can understand mirrors

Front 57

test for if a kid can take responsibility for their own decision syet

Back 57

mother telling boy to go straight to birthday party- but they come across the hurt boy:
kids will just pay attention to mom’s rules.
Later their attitude towards rules becomes more flexible--- capable of independent thought

Front 58

gender identity

(as part of development)

Back 58

gender identity is a socially constructed concept. expectations for behavior within social group.

- little kids kids don’t really understand. gender is on the surface

-test, dog with cat hat on

Front 59

the more immature the prefrontal cortex, the more difficultly of delayed gratifications.

what was a test for this?

Back 59

chocolate test.
around 4 or 5 kids can start to project into the future

Front 60

everything we studied today are cog abilities that we’ve been preprogramed to acquire.
BUT

Back 60

we are influenced by society and experience etc. too