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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sound?
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-waves of dense and less dense air molecules
-created when objects vibrate and pressure changes |
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What is the speed of sound through air?
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340 m/s
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What is the speed of sound through water?
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1500 m/s
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What is amplitude?
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perceived as loud or soft
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What is frequency?
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-how often peaks of sine ways hit our ears
- perceived as high or low pitch |
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What is our hearing range?
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20-20000 Hz
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What is loudness measured in?
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dB
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What are sine waves?
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pure pitches
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What are complex tones?
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sine wave with more than one sinusoidal component of different frequencies
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What makes out the outer ear?
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pinna, ear canal and concha
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What is the tympanic membrane
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membrane that vibrates when it hears sound
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What are ossicles?
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3 bones (malleus, incus, stapes) in the ear that ampliy sound
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What are the 2 muscles in the ear?
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stapedius and tensor tympani muscle
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What is the oval window?
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the middle border between middle and inner ear
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How do ossicles amplify sound waves?
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-work like levers (increase sound by 33%)
-increase energy transmitted |
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What is the acoustic reflex?
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muscles tense when sounds are very loud
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When is sound changed into sound waves?
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when the oval window pounds against the ear cannal
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What is the vestibular system?
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contains hair cells, filled with liquid
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What is the round window?
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relieves pressue in canal when there is a loud sound
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What is the cochlea?
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Coil structure in temporal lobe
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What are stereocilia?
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-hairlike on tips on hair cells
-initiate release of neurotransmitters when flexed |
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What are the inner hair cells?
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attached fibers signals to brain
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What are outer hair cells?
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signals away from brain
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What is characteristic frequency?
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the frequency to which a particular auditory nerve fiber is most sensitive
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What is two-tone suppression?
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decrease in firing rate of one auditory nerve due to one tone, when 2nd tone is presented at same time
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What is a isointensity curve?
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map the plots the firing rate of an auditory nerve fibers against varying frequencies at baring intensities
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What is rate saturation?
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nerve fiber is firing as radpily as possible and further stimulation will not increase firing rate
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What are low-spontaneous fibers?
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auditory nerve fibers with low rates of spontaneous firing (>10 per sec)
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What are high-spontaneous fibers?
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fibers with high rates of spontaneous firing (>30 per sec)
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What are mid-spontaneous fibers?
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fibers have medium rates of spontaneous firing (10-30 per sec)
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What is a isointensity curve?
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map the plots the firing rate of an auditory nerve fibers against varying frequencies at varing intensities
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What is rate saturation?
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nerve fiber is firing as rapidly as possible and further stimulation will not increase firing rate
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What are low-spontaneous fibers?
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auditory nerve fibers with low rates of spontaneous firing (>10 per sec)
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What are high-spontaneous fibers?
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fibers with high rates of spontaneous firing (>30 per sec)
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What are mid-spontaneous fibers?
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fibers have medium rates of spontaneous firing (10-30 per sec)
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What is temporal code?
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tuning of different parts of cochlea to different frequencies
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What is phase locking?
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firing of neuron at one distinct point in the period of a sound wave at a given frequency
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What is the volley principle?
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idea the multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if neurons fires at a distinct point in the period of a sound wave but not every period
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Where is the cochlear nucleus?
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the first brainstem nucleus that afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse
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What is tonotopic organization?
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neurons most responsive to low frequency lie on one edge of structures, high-frequency on the other edge
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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hearing loss caused by middle-ear bones unable to condct sound to inner ear
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What is a possible cause of conductive hearing loss?
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middle ear filled with mucus from ear infection (otitis media)
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What is sensorineural hearing loss?
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hearing loss caused by damage to cohlea or auditory nerve
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What is senssorineural hearing loss caused be?
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-ototoxicity
-execissive expore to noise |
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Where is acoustic info processed?
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A1
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What is the belt area?
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respond to more complex characteristics of sound
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What is the parabelt area?
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-respond to more complex characteristics
-responds to input from other senses |
