Ch. 9 Bio Psych Terms

Front 1

adequate stimulus

Back 1

the energy form for which the receptor is specialized. For hearing the it is the vibration in a conducting medium.

Front 2

agraphia

Back 2

The inability to write.

Front 3

alexia

Back 3

The inability to read

Front 4

amplitude

Back 4

Also called intensity. The physical energy in a sound (loudness)

Front 5

angular gyrus

Back 5

Area that connect the visual projection area with the auditory and visual association areas in the temporal and parietal lobes - disruption of pathway causes alexia and agraphia

Front 6

aphasia

Back 6

A language impairment caused by damage to the brain

Front 7

auditory object

Back 7

A sound that we recognize as having an identity that is distinct from other sounds.

Front 8

basilar membrane

Back 8

Where the sound-analyzing structure organ of Corti is located. - acts as the auditory Fourier analyzer - responds simultaneously along its length to the sound's component frequencies

Hint 8

Front 9

Binaural

Back 9

The use of both ears

Front 10

Broca's aphasia

Back 10

A language impairment caused by damage to Broca's area (posterior portion of the left frontal lobe) and surrounding cortical and subcortical areas. nonfluent, anomia, difficulty with articulation, agrammatical. vocalization is not lost but the ability to translate information into speech patterns is compromised. Comprehension is impaired when the meaning depends on grammatical words. aka expressive aphasia

Front 11

cochlea

Back 11

Where the auditory stimulus is converted into neural impulses, which contain a million moving parts.

Front 12

cochlear canal

Back 12

Where the auditory receptors are located

Front 13

cocktail party effect

Back 13

The ability to sort out meaningful auditory messages from a complex background of sounds

Front 14

coincidence detectors

Back 14

Neurons that fire most when they receive input from both ears at the same time

Front 15

complex sound

Back 15

Sound in which each is a mixture of several frequencies.

Front 16

difference in intensity

Back 16

When a sound source is to one side or the other, the head blocks some of the sound energy. As a result, the near ear receives a slightly more intense sound

Front 17

difference in time of arrival

Back 17

Refers when a sound that is directly to a person's left or right takes about 0.5 millisecond to travel the additional distance to the second ear. see coincidence detectors. brain circuit is located in the nucleus laminaris.

Front 18

dyslexia

Back 18

An impairment of reading

Front 19

frequency

Back 19

Refers to the number of cycles or waves of alternating compression and decompression of the vibrating medium that occur in a second (pitch)

Front 20

frequency analysis

Back 20

explains how people experience pitch: See frequency theories and place theories

Front 21

frequency theories

Back 21

Assumes that the auditory mechanism transmits the actual frequency of a sound to the auditory cortex for analysis there. See: frequency, telephone theory, volley theory

Front 22

frequency-place theory

Back 22

Frequency following by individual neurons accounts for frequencies up to about 200 Hz and all remaining frequencies are represented by the place of greatest activity.

Front 23

frequency-volley-place theory (Wever)

Back 23

1. individual neurons follow the frequency of sounds up to about 500 Hz by firing at the same rate as the sound's frequency,

2. from 500 to 5000Hz frequency is tracked by volleying

3. higher than 5000Hz place analysis not used see frequency-place theory

Front 24

inner hair cells

Back 24

Cells that receive 90% to 95% of the auditory neurons, and they provide the majority of the information about auditory stimulation

Front 25

Intensity

Back 25

The physical energy in a sound (Amplitude and loudness)

Front 26

language

Back 26

speech and the generation and understanding of written, spoken, and gestural communication

Front 27

language acquisition device

Back 27

Part of the brain hypothesized to be dedicated to learning and controlling language.

Front 28

loudness

Back 28

The experience of sound energy (perception of amplitude)

Front 29

organ of Corti

Back 29

The sound-analyzing structure that rests on the basilar membrane. Consists of four rows of specialized cells called hair cells, their supporting cells, and the tectorial membrane above the hair cells.

Hint 29

https://o.quizlet.com/almvgJCbEomp-W859ofHxg_m.jpg

Front 30

ossicles

Back 30

Second part of the middle ear. Tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirup) that operate in lever fashion to transfer vibration from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea. Provide additional amplification by concentrating energy onto the base of the stirrup.

Hint 30

https://o.quizlet.com/Q61gnP1ZHoXtm-BT3y.bpA_m.jpg

Front 31

outer hair cells

Back 31

Increase the cochlea's sensitivity both by amplifying its output and by sharpening the frequency tuning at the location of peak vibration

Front 32

perception

Back 32

The interpretation of sensory information.

Front 33

phase difference

Back 33

Refers to a different phase of the wave at each ear when a sound at a low frequency arrives from one side of the body

Front 34

phonological hypothesis

Back 34

hypothesis where individuals with dyslexia have an impairment in processing, storing, and/or retrieving phonemes.

Front 35

pinna

Back 35

The flap that graces the side of your head. Also called the outer ear.

Front 36

pitch

Back 36

The experience of the frequency of a sound.

Front 37

place theories

Back 37

States that identifying the frequency of a sound depends on the location of maximal vibration on the basilar membrane and which neurons are firing most. Place analysis is the reason we can hear through bone conduction. See frequency-volley-place theory and frequency-place theory, resonance and frequency sensitivity

Front 38

planum temporale

Back 38

Where Wernicke's area is located.

Front 39

prosody

Back 39

The use of intonation, emphasis, and rhythm to convey meaning in speech.

Front 40

pure tone

Back 40

Sound in which each has only one frequency.

Front 41

receptor

Back 41

A cell, often a specialized neuron that is suited by its structure and function to respond to a particular form of energy, such as sound.

Front 42

resonance

Back 42

the vibration of an object in sympathy with another vibrating object (high frequency to high-frequency and low-frequency to low-frequency) frequency selectivity is due to differences in elasticity with the membrane near the stirrup 100 times stiffer than at the apical end.

Front 43

sensation

Back 43

The acquisition of sensory information

Front 44

tectorial membrane

Back 44

Part of the organ of Corti located above the hair cells.

Front 45

telephone theory

Back 45

Belief that individual neurons in the auditory nerve fire at the same frequency as the rate of vibration of the sound source. (Rutherford) - cannot fire at high rates - see volley theory

Front 46

tonotopic map

Back 46

Each successive area responds to successively higher frequencies because the auditory cortex is organized topographically

Front 47

topographical organization

Back 47

Neurons from adjacent receptor locations project to adjacent cells in the cortex.

Front 48

tympanic membrane

Back 48

Also called the ear drum. The first part of the middle ear. Thin membrane stretched across the end of the auditory canal; its vibration transmits the sound energy to the ossicles.

Front 49

Wernicke's aphasia

Back 49

Damage to posterior porting of the left temporal lobe. Condition in which the person has difficulty understanding and producing spoken and written language. aka receptive aphasia. fluent but meaningless "word salad". has prosody.

Front 50

volley theory

Back 50

States that groups of neurons follow the frequency of a sound at higher frequencies, where as a single neuron cannot (Wever)

Front 51

binaural cues for sound localization

Back 51

difference in intensity, difference in time of arrival at the two ears, phase difference

Front 52

Fourier analysis

Back 52

analysis of a complex waveform into its sine wave components

Front 53

dorsal stream - the where

Back 53

1. flows from the auditory cortex through the parietal area

2. brain combines information from other senses to locate the sound

3. information proceeds to frontal lobes to locate sound with eyes and pan movements

Front 54

ventral stream (what)

Back 54

1. flows from the auditory cortex through the temporal lobes

2. brain combines information from other senses to identify the sound

3. information proceeds to frontal lobes

Front 55

frequency sensitivity

Back 55

occurs on basilar membrane

Front 56

Wernicke-Gschwind Model

Back 56

used to show how Broca's area and Wernicke's area interact to produce language

1.Verbal input arrives in the auditory cortex - to Wernicke's for interpretation

2. Written input arrives from the visual cortex to Wernicke's for interpretation

3. for verbal response - Wernicke's sends to Broca's for articulation and the facial area of the motor cortex to produce the speech