Chapter 9 The Muscular System

Front 1

abduct

Back 1

to move away from the midline of the body (or region

Front 2

abduction

Back 2

moving away from the midline of the body; opposite of adduction

Front 3

acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 3

chemical neurotransmitter

Front 4

actin

Back 4

contractile protein found in the thin myofilaments of skeletal muscle

Front 5

adduct

Back 5

to move toward the midline of the body (or region)

Front 6

adduction

Back 6

moving towards the midline of the body; opposite of abduction

Front 7

adductor muscle

Back 7

any of several muscles that adduct a joint

Front 8

aerobic training

Back 8

continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase its consumption of oxygen and develop the muscle's ability to sustain activity over a long period

Front 9

antagonist

Back 9

any agent that has the opposite effect of the agent to which it is compared

Front 10

biceps brachii

Back 10

the primary flexor of the forearm

Front 11

bursa (pl bursae)

Back 11

small, cushion-like sacs found between moving body parts, which make movement easier

Front 12

bursitis

Back 12

inflammation of a bursa

Front 13

carpal tunnel syndrome

Back 13

muscle weakness, pain, and tinglingin the radial side (thumb side) of the wrist, hand, and fingers - perhaps radiating to the forearm and shoulder; caused by compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel ( a passage along the ventral concavity of the wrist)

Front 14

cardiac muscle

Back 14

the involuntary type of muscle tissue that makes up the heart wall

Front 15

circumduct

Back 15

to move a part to it's distal end moves in a circle

Front 16

circumduction

Back 16

moving a part to it's distal end moves in a circle

Front 17

contusion

Back 17

local injury caused by mechanical trauma characterized by limited hemorrhaging under the skin; a bruise

Front 18

cramps

Back 18

painful muscle spasms (involuntary twitches) that result from irritating stimuli, as in mild inflammation, or from ion imbalances

Front 19

deltoid

Back 19

having a triangular shape, for example, the deltoid muscle

Front 20

diaphragm

Back 20

membrane or partition that separates one thing from another; the flat muscular sheet that separates the thorax and abdomen and is a major muscle of respiration

Front 21

dorsiflex

Back 21

to bend the foot with the toes pointing upward

Front 22

dorsiflexion

Back 22

movement in which the top of the foot is elevated (brought toward the front of the leg) with the toes pointing upward

Front 23

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

Back 23

form of muscular dystrophy (abnormal muscle development in which normal muscle is replaced with fat and fibrous tissue) inherited on the X chromosome and characterized by mild leg muscle weakness that progresses rapidly to include shoulder muscles and eventually death from cardiac repiratory muscle weakness

Front 24

endurance training

Back 24

continuous vigorous exercise requiring the body to increase it's consumption of oxygen and develop the muscle's ability to sustain activity over a prolonged period of time

Front 25

eversion

Back 25

movement that turns a body part (such as the foot) outward

Front 26

evert

Back 26

to turn outward

Front 27

extend

Back 27

to increase the angle between two bones at a joint; opposite of flex

Front 28

extension

Back 28

increasing the angle between two bones at a joint

Front 29

external oblique

Back 29

the outer most layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Front 30

fatigue

Back 30

loss of muscle power; weakness; state of exhaustion or tiredness

Front 31

fibromyositis

Back 31

inflammation of muscle tissue accompanied by inflammation of nearby tendon tissue

Front 32

fibularis group

Back 32

group of lateral muscles of the leg that act to pronate the foot, rotating it toward the midline, and plantar flex the foot, pulling it toes-downward; also called the peroneus group

Front 33

flex

Back 33

to bend; for example, to decrease the angle between two bones at the joint

Front 34

flexion

Back 34

act of bending; decreasing the angle between two bones at the joint

Front 35

frontal muscle

Back 35

one of the muscles of facial expression; it moves the eyebrows and furrows the skin of the forehead

Front 36

gastrocnemius

Back 36

superficial muscle of the calf of the leg, connected (along with the soleus muscle) to the calcaneous bone of the foot by way of the Achilles (calcaneal) tendon; its action is to dorsiflex the foot, bending the toes upward

Front 37

gluteus maximus

Back 37

major extensor of the thigh and also supports the torso in an erect position

Front 38

hamstring muscle

Back 38

powerful flexor of the hip made up of the semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and biceps femoris muscles

Front 39

hypertrophy

Back 39

increased size of a part caused by an increase in the size of its cells

Front 40

hypothermia

Back 40

failure of thermoregulatory mechanisms to maintain homeostasis in a very cold external environment

Front 41

iliopsoas

Back 41

a flexor of the thigh and an important stabilizing muscle for posture

Front 42

insertion

Back 42

attachment of a muscle to the bone that it moves when contraction occurs (as distinguished from its origin)

Front 43

intercalated disk

Back 43

any of the gap-junction connections that form between cardiac muscle fibers, visible as thin dark bands in stained microscopic specimens

Front 44

intercostal muscle

Back 44

the respiratory muscles located between the ribs

Front 45

internal oblique muscle

Back 45

the middle layer of the anterolateral abdominal walls

Front 46

inversion

Back 46

movement that turns the sole of the foot inward, toward the median

Front 47

invert

Back 47

to move a part inward

Front 48

isometric contraction

Back 48

type of muscle contraction in which muscle does not shorten

Front 49

isotonic contraction

Back 49

type of muscle contraction that maintains uniform tension or pressure

Front 50

latissimus dorsi

Back 50

an extensor of the upper arm

Front 51

masseter

Back 51

large muscle of the cheek, used to lift the lower jaw (mandible) and thus provide chewing movement

Front 52

mastication

Back 52

chewing

Front 53

motor neuron

Back 53

neuron that transmits nerve impulses from the brain and spinal chord to muscles and glandular epithelial tissues

Front 54

motor unit

Back 54

a single motor neuron along with muscle cells it innervates

Front 55

muscle fiber

Back 55

the specialized contractile cells of muscle tissue that are grouped together and arranged in a highly organized way

Front 56

muscle strain

Back 56

muscle injury resulting from overexertion or trauma and involving overstretching or tearing of muscle tissue

Front 57

muscle tone

Back 57

tonic contraction; characteristic of muscle of a normal individual who is awake

Front 58

muscular dystrophy

Back 58

a group of muscle disorders characterized by atrophy of skeletal muscle without nerve involvement; Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common type

Front 59

myalgia

Back 59

general term referring to the symptom of pain in muscle tissue

Front 60

myasthenia gravis

Back 60

autoimmune muscle disorder characterized by progressive weakness and chronic fatigue

Front 61

myofilament

Back 61

any of the ultramicroscopic, threadlike structures found in myofibrils; two types: thick and thin

Front 62

myoglobin

Back 62

a red, oxygen-storing protein pigment similar to hemoglobin found in muscle fibers

Front 63

myopathy

Back 63

general term referring to any muscle disease

Front 64

myosin

Back 64

contractile protein found in the thick myofilaments of skeletal muscle

Front 65

myositis

Back 65

general term referring to muscle inflammation, as in infection or injury

Front 66

neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

Back 66

the point of contact between the nerve endings and muscle fibers

Front 67

orbicularis oris

Back 67

facial muscle that puckers the lips

Front 68

origin

Back 68

the attachment of a muscle to the bone, which does not move when contraction occurs, as distinguished from insertion.

Front 69

oxygen debt

Back 69

continued increased metabolism that occurs in a cell to remove excess lactic acid that resulted from exercise

Front 70

paralysis

Back 70

loss of power of motion, especially voluntary motion

Front 71

pectoralis major

Back 71

major flexor of the upper arm

Front 72

peroneus group

Back 72

group of lateral muscles of the leg that act to pronate the foot, rotating it toward the midline, and plantar flex the foot, pulling it toes-downward; also called the fibularis (muscle) group

Front 73

plantar flex

Back 73

bending to the sole of the foot

Front 74

plantar flexion

Back 74

movement in which the bottom of the foot is directed downward; this motion allows a person to stand on tiptoe

Front 75

poliomyelitis

Back 75

viral disease that damages motor nerves, often progressing to paralysis of skeletal muscles

Front 76

posture

Back 76

position of the body

Front 77

prime mover

Back 77

the muscle responsible for producing a particular movement

Front 78

pronate

Back 78

to make a rotational movement of the forearm (turning the palm medially to face backward) or of the leg or ankle (turning the foot so the toes point outward and the medial edge of the sole hits the ground); opposite of supinate

Front 79

pronation

Back 79

action in which the forearm or leg and ankle pronates; opposite of supination

Front 80

quadriceps femoris

Back 80

extensor muscle of the leg

Front 81

rectus abdominus

Back 81

muscle that runs down the middle of the abdomen ; protects the abdominal viscera and flexes the spinal column

Front 82

rigor mortis

Back 82

literally "stiffness of death", the permanent contraction of muscle tissue after death caused by depletion of ATP during the actin-myosin reaction - preventing myosin from releasing actin to allow relaxation of the muscle

Front 83

rotate

Back 83

move in a circle around a central point

Front 84

rotation

Back 84

movement around a longitudinal axis; for example, shaking your head "no"

Front 85

sarcomere

Back 85

contractile unit of muscle; length of a myofibrel between two Z bands

Front 86

skeletal muscle

Back 86

muscle tissue under willed or voluntary control; also known as voluntary muscle

Front 87

sliding filament model

Back 87

concept in muscle physiology describing the contraction of a muscle fiber in terms of the sliding of microscopic protein filaments past each other within the myofibrils in a manner that shortens the myofibrils and thus the entire muscle

Front 88

smooth muscle

Back 88

muscle tissue that is not under conscious control; also known as involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach and small intestine

Front 89

sprain

Back 89

an acute injury to soft tissues surrounding a joint, including muscle, tendon, and/or ligament

Front 90

sternocleidomastoid

Back 90

the diagonal "strap" muscle located on the anterior aspect of the neck

Front 91

strength training

Back 91

contracting muscles against resistance to enhance muscle hypertrophy

Front 92

supinate

Back 92

to make a rotational movement of the forearm (turning the palm laterally to face forward) or of the leg and ankle (turning the foot so toes point inward and the lateral edge of the sole hits the ground); opposite of pronate

Front 93

synergist

Back 93

muscle that assists a prime mover

Front 94

synovial fluid

Back 94

the thick, colorless lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane

Front 95

synovial membrane

Back 95

connective tissue membrane lining the spaces between bones and joints that secretes synovial fluid

Front 96

temporal

Back 96

relating to time or to the side of the head; muscle that assists the masseter in closing the jaw

Front 97

tendon

Back 97

band or cord of fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or other structure

Front 98

tendon sheath

Back 98

tube-shaped structure lined with synovial membrane that encloses certain tendons

Front 99

tenosynovitis

Back 99

inflammation of a tendon sheath

Front 100

tetanus

Back 100

state of sustained muscular contraction

Front 101

tetanic contraction

Back 101

sustained contraction of a muscle

Front 102

threshold stimulus

Back 102

minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle fiber to contract

Front 103

tibialis anterior

Back 103

dorsiflexor of the foot

Front 104

tonic contraction

Back 104

sustained, baseline skeletal muscle contraction used to maintain posture

Front 105

transversus abdominis

Back 105

the innermost layer of the anterolateral abdominal wall

Front 106

trapezius

Back 106

triangular muscle in the back that elevates the shoulder and extends the head backward

Front 107

triceps brachii

Back 107

extensor muscle of the elbow

Front 108

twitch

Back 108

a quick, jerky response to a single stimulus

Front 109

zygomaticus

Back 109

muscle that elevates the corners of the mouth and lips, also known as the smiling muscle