Chapter 9

Front 1

motive

Back 1

specific need or desire, such as hunger, thirst, or achievement, that prompts goal-directed behavior

Front 2

emotion

Back 2

feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior

Front 3

instinct

Back 3

inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species

Front 4

drive

Back 4

state of tension or arousal that motivates behavior

Front 5

drive-reduction theory

Back 5

theory that motivated behavior is aimed at reducing a state of bodily tension or arousal and returning the organism to homeostasis

Front 6

homeostasis

Back 6

state of balance and stability in which the organism functions effectively

Front 7

primary drive

Back 7

an unlearned drive, such as hunger, that is based on a physiological state

Front 8

secondary drive

Back 8

a learned drive, such as ambition, that is not based on a physiological state

Front 9

arousal theory

Back 9

theory of motivation that propose organisms seek an optimal level of arousal

Front 10

Yerkes-Dodson law

Back 10

states that there is an optimal level of arousal for the best performance of any task; the more complex the task, the lower the level of arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates

Front 11

incentive

Back 11

external stimulus that prompts goal-directed behavior

Front 12

intrinsic motivation

Back 12

a desire to perform a behavior that stems from the behavior performed

Front 13

extrinsic motivation

Back 13

a desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment

Front 14

lateral hypothalamus

Back 14

controls our experience of hunger; when stimulated, animals begin to eat, but when it was destroyed the animals stopped eating to the point of starvation

Front 15

ventromedial hypothalamus

Back 15

controls our experience of satiety; when stimulated animals ceased eating, but when it was destroyed animals ate to the point of extreme obesity

Front 16

paraventricular nucleus

Back 16

appears to influence the drive to eat specific foods

Front 17

anorexia nervosa

Back 17

a serious eating disorder that is associated with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image

Front 18

bulimia nervosa

Back 18

an eating disorder characterized by binges of eating followed by self-induced vomiting

Front 19

muscle dysmorphia

Back 19

an obsessive concern with one's muscle size

Front 20

set point theory

Back 20

our bodies are genetically "set" to maintain a certain weight; if you consume more calories than you need, your metabolic rate will go up, and you will feel an increase in energy that will prompt you to be more active, thereby burning more calories; if you eat fewer calories than you need, your metabolic rate will go down, and you will feel tired and become less active, thereby burning fewer calories

Front 21

testosterone

Back 21

the primary male sex hormone

Front 22

pheromones

Back 22

a substance many animals secrete that promotes sexual readiness in potential partners

Front 23

sexual response cycle

Back 23

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

Front 24

excitement phase

Back 24

genitals become engorged with blood

Front 25

plateau phase

Back 25

sexual tension levels off

Front 26

orgasm

Back 26

male ejaculates and the woman's uterus contracts rhythmically, and both men and women experience some loss of muscle control

Front 27

resolution phase

Back 27

muscle tension decreases and the engorged genitals return to normal

Front 28

sexual orientation

Back 28

direction of an individual's sexual interest

Front 29

heterosexual orientation

Back 29

people are sexually attracted to members of the opposite sex

Front 30

homosexual orientation

Back 30

people are sexually attracted to members of their own sex

Front 31

bisexuals

Back 31

people who are attracted to members of both sexes

Front 32

stimulus motives

Back 32

unlearned motive, such as curiosity or contact, that prompts us to explore or change the world around us

Front 33

aggression

Back 33

behavior aimed at doing harm to others; also the motive to behave aggressively

Front 34

achievement motive

Back 34

the need to excel, to overcome obstacles

Front 35

work orientation

Back 35

the desire to work hard and do a good job

Front 36

mastery

Back 36

the preference for difficult or challenging feats, with an emphasis on improving one's past performance

Front 37

competitiveness

Back 37

the enjoyment of pitting one's skills against those of other people

Front 38

affiliation motive

Back 38

the need to be with others

Front 39

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Back 39

higher motives emerge only after the more basic ones have been largely satisfied; (top to bottom) self-actualization needs, esteem needs, belongingness needs, safety needs, physiological needs

Front 40

Plutchik's eight basic emotions (1980)

Back 40

fear, surprise, sadness, disgust, anger, anticipation, joy, and acceptance

Front 41

positive psychology

Back 41

study of happiness

Front 42

subjective well-being

Back 42

includes being happy, having more positive than negative emotions, and having feelings of overall life satisfaction

Front 43

James-Lange theory

Back 43

states that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies, and emotions result from those physiological changes

Front 44

Cannon-Bard theory

Back 44

states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with biological changes

Front 45

Cognitive theory

Back 45

states that emotional experience depends on one's perception or judgement of the situation one is in

Front 46

emotional labor

Back 46

process where one regulates, manages, or otherwise alters their emotional expression

Front 47

display rules

Back 47

culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of emotion are appropriate