Chapter 9

Front 1

Learning

Back 1

Any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs because of experience.

Front 2

Behaviorism

Back 2

An approach to psychology that emphasizes the study of observable behavior and rule of the environment.

Front 3

Conditioning

Back 3

A basic kind of learning that involves associations between environmental stimuli and the organisms response.

Front 4

Classical Conditioning

Back 4

Pavlov

-Form of learning through association, in which previously neutral stimulus is paired with a unconditioned stimulus to stimulate a conditioned response that is similar to the unconditioned response.

Front 5

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Back 5

An event or thing that comes to elicits a response automatically or reflexively.

Front 6

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Back 6

A response that is automatically produced.

(Not learned)

Front 7

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Back 7

An initally neutral stimulus that comes to elicits a conditioned response after being associated with an UCS.

Front 8

Conditioned Response (CR)

Back 8

A response that is elicited by conditioned stimulus, occurs when the conditioned stimulus is associated with an unconditional stimulus.

Front 9

Extinction

Back 9

The weakening eventural disappearance of a learned response.

Front 10

Spontaneous Conditioning

Back 10

The reappearance of a learned response after it's apparent extinction.

Front 11

Higher-order Conditioning

Back 11

A procedure in which a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus through association with an already CS.

Front 12

Stimulus Generalization

Back 12

The tendency to respond to a stimulus that resembles ones involved in the original conditioning.

Front 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Back 13

The tendancy to respond differently to two or more similar stimulus.

Front 14

Operant Conditioning

Back 14

Skinner

-The process by which a response becomes more likely to occur or less so, depending on its consequences (desirable or undesirable).

Front 15

Neutral

Back 15

Stimulus neither increase nor decreases the probability that the behavior will occur.

Front 16

Reinforcement

Back 16

Any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a response that it follows.

Front 17

Positive Reinforcement

Back 17

A response followed by getting something pleasurable; as a result the response increases.

Front 18

Negative Reinforcement

Back 18

A response is followed by the removal,delay or decrease of an unpleasant stimulus; as a result the response increases.

Front 19

Punishment

Back 19

Any stimulus that weakens or reduces the likelihood of the response it follows.

Front 20

Extinction

Back 20

Occurs when a response is no longer followed by a reinforcer.

Front 21

Continuous Reinforcement

Back 21

Particular response is always reinforced.

Front 22

Intermittent(partial) Schedule of Reinforcement

Back 22

Particular response is sometimes but not always reinforced.

Front 23

Extrinsic Reinforcers

Back 23

Not inherently related to the activity.

(External reward- money,praise, and trophy)

Front 24

Intrinsic Reinforcers

Back 24

Related to activity being reinforced.

(Internal reward- enjoyment and satisfaction)

Front 25

Observational Learning

Back 25

Learning by watching what others do and what happens to them from doing it (vicarious conditioning)

Front 26

Cognitive process such as perceptions and interpretation of events.

Back 26

Perceptions of the models they observe and also perception of themselves. Each person has different knowledge and assumptions, and notice and pay attention to different aspects, therefore learning process is different for each individual.