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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are wavelength of light and energy related?
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The color of an object is determined by the wavelengths of visible light it reflects.
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What do you see…absorbed or reflected?
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Reflected. As part of photosynthesis, an antenna complex captures solar energy in the form of wave lengths
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Green light can't be reflected or absorbed?
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absorbed
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3 high energy molecules:
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ATP, NADH, NADPH…”P” for plants…”p” for photosynthesis
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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
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- 2 of the most important pathways in living organisms
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What are the 2 reactions of photosynthesis?
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These occur in the chloroplasts
Light reactions - Takes place in Thylakoids - Use chlorophyll - Convert solar energy into chemical energy Calvin Cycle - Occurs in stroma - uses the energy produced in light reactions - Synethesize sugar from CO2 and H2O |
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The light reaction steps
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Water molecules are split using light energy
- This releases O2 as a by product - Electrons and protons (H+) are handed over... |
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Light reaction input & outputs
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Input: Light, H2O
Output: 3ATP, 2NDPH, 1O2 |
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Light reaction detailed steps
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1. Thylakoid in chloroplast absorb light via antenna
2. This is funneled to reaction centers - photosystem 3. Electrons become more energized as they absorb light 4. High energy electron picked up by ETC 5. As electrons pass thru the ETC, small energy is released and used to generate ATP 6. Electrons ride down the thylakoid ETC are picked up by NADP, protons (h+) are added from the stroma which turns into NADPH |
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Photosystems II
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Goes first
splitting of water - electrons O2 and H+ - energized electrons enter ETC - Energy from ETC used to pump H+ across thylakoid membrane creates proton gradient |
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Photosystems I
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Next
Receives O2 and H+ electrons light recharges electrons, electrons enter ETC Nadph produced NADP and hydrogen ions from stroma H+ gradient represents stored energy, used by ATP synthase and drives phosphorylation (ADP -> ATP) |
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Calvin Cycle (carbon fixation)
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Input 1CO2, 2NADPH, 3ADP
Output 1/3 G3P Energy carriers ATP NAPH |
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Calvin Cycle Steps
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Ezymatic reactions that synthesize sugars from CO2 and H2O
1. Rubisco catalyzes the reaction that combines CO2 and RuBP, a 5 carbon acceptor molecule 2. ATP and NADPH that were produced by the light reactions provide energy for these enzyme catalyzed reactions 3. For every 6 molecules o CO2 that are fixed, 12 molecules of G3P are produced 4. 2 molecules of G3P are used to make the 6 carbon sugar glucose (C6H12O6) |
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Photosystem process creates a proton gradient - why?
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Protons accumulate inside the Thylakoid space, concentration builds up which creates an imbalances in H+
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What does the proton gradient power?
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Pumping of ions create a concentration and is a common means of harnessing energy. It's used to manufacture ATP.
H+ have a tendency to move down the proton gradient to the stroma Since the thylakoid will not allow protons to pass thru, the only way for them to cross the membrane is thru the large protein ATP synthases |
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What is ATP synthase
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H+ rush thru the APT synthase channel and the potential energy is converted into chemical energy. ATP Enzymes catalyze the addition of a phosphate group on ADP convert it to ATP
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Cellular respiration details
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Oxygen is necessary for the break down of sugars
CO2 and H2O are released as by products Begins in cytosol Ends in mitochondrion |
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Cellular Respiration
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3 steps
1 - Glycolysis (occurs in cytoplasm) breaks down glucose 2 - krebs cycle (occurs in the mitochondria) 3 - Oxidative phosphorlyation (occurs in mitochondria) |
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Glycolysis
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Glucose is split into 2 molecules of pyruvate
2 ATP and 2 NADH are made |
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Fermentation
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used when enough oxygen isn't availble
in yeast/bacteria - co2 and ethyl produced in animals - lactic acid is produced creating sore muscles |
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Krebs Cycle
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Pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA
Acetyl Co enters the cycle Enzyme driven steps result in - 2CO2, 3NADH, 1ATP |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Electrons passed from NADH to ETC
H+ gradient produced - drives ATP sythase - phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP O2 accepts electrons, producing water |
