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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is an Aneurysm? |
Localized outpouching or dilation of weakened vessel wall
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Common locations where an aneurysm can form
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-Abdominal aorta, between renal arteries and iliac branches |
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Aortic aneurysm types?
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-Saccular: unilateral pouchlike bulge with narrowing neck |
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What is a Cardiac Shunt?
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Provides "communication" between pulmonary and systemic circulations
-Blood flows from area of high pressure to area of low pressure or from area of high resistance to area of low resistance |
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Describe what happen in a Left-to-right shunt
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-Blood flows through atrial or ventricular defect or from aorta to pulmonary circulation through patent ductus arteriosus |
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Describe a Right-to-left shunt
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-Blood flows from right side of heart to left (as in tetralogy of Fallot) or from pulmonary artery directly into systemic circulation
-Adds deoxygenated blood to systemic circulation -Leads to hypoxia and cyanosis -If Congenital, called a cyanotic defect -Manifested as fatigue, increased respiratory rate, and clubbing of fingers |
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What is An Embolus?
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-Substance that circulates from one location in the body to another through the bloodstream
-Mostly orginate as blood clots from thrombus -Possibly consist of pieces of tissue, an air bubble,amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, tumor cells, or a foreign substance |
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What is a Venous emboli?
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-Originate in venous circulation
-Travel to right side of heart and pulmonary circulation -Eventually lodge in a capillary |
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What is an Arterial emboli?
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-Originated in left side of heart from arrhythmias, valvular heart disease, myocardial infarction(MI), heart failure, or endocarditis
-Possible lodge in organs (such as brain and kidneys) or extremities |
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Describe what happens during the release of cardiac enzymes and proteins.
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-Release of enzymes (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, asparate aminotransferase) and proteins (troponin T, troponin I, and myoglobin) triggered by damage to heart muscl and subsequent impairment to cell membrane integrity and measurable in the bloodstream
-Characterized by rising and then falling blood values of these enzymes and proteins |
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What is Stenosis?
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-narrowing blood vessel or heart valve
-Cause ischemia, abnormal function, or death of tissues and organ perfused by stenosed blood vessel -Blood accumulation in chamber behind stemosed valve; increased chamber pressure from resistance of stenosed valve -Pulmonary venous pressure and pulmonary congestion caused by stenosis of valve on left side of heart, leading to right-sided heart failure -systemic venous congestion cause caused by stenosis of valve on the right side of heart |
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What is Thrombus?
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Blood Clot (consisting of platelets, fibrin, and red and white blood cells) that forms anywhere within the vascular system
-Three conditions (Virchow's triad) that promote thrombus formation |
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Name the conditions that promote thrombus formation (Virchow's triad)
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-Endothelial injury: attracts platelets and other inflammatory mediators, which may stimulate clot formation
-Sluggish blood flow: allows platelets and clotting factors to accumulate and adhere to blood vessel walls -Increased coagulability:promotes clot formation |
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What is ischemia?
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deficiency of blood going to tissues for reason such as stenosis or obstruction of vessels
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What is Hypoxia?
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indequate supply of oxygen to the tissues.
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What is Hypoexmia?
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A low oxygen concentration of the arterial blood.
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What is Angina?
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chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood and hence oxygen supply) of the heart muscle
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What is Palpitation?
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an awareness of the beating of the heart, whether it is too slow, too fast, irregular, or at its normal frequency.
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What is Syncope?
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Medical term for fainting. Most common type of syncope is vasovagal syncope.
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What is an arrhythmia?
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Irregular heartbeat either too fast or too slow
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