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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

In search of Political and Social Order

Confucius and his school
Daoism
Legalism



Period of Warring States (403-221 bce) happened after Zhou dynasty.

Confucius and his school
Confucius (551-479bce)
Confucian Ideas
Confucian Values
Menicus (372-289bce)
Xunzi (298-238bce)
Confucius (Kong Fuzi)
Aristocrat from Lu. observed principles against state policies, never got a high position in court, left searching. After ten years of travel, had no success. Returned to Lu 484 bce.
Confucian Ideas
Analects ( confucian sayimgs compiled by disciples) reflected moral ethical and political values. doesn't believe in philosophy b/c it doesn't solve world problems. no religion because its beyond human capacity. promotes good government. well educated individuals ( Junzi superior indi.) disciples study poetry and history. studied zhou dynasty work. Zhou works became core texts of traditional chinese tradition.
Confucian Values
Ren ( courteous, loyal, kindness), Li (sense of propriety act appropriate), Xiao (filial piety, respect your elders) . emphasized those qualities to gain influence. have self control and leadership power. creation of Junzi to lead China. Confucian thought flexibility.

Mencius (372 - 289 bce)

Emphasis on Ren. light taxes, avoid wars supported education, encourage harmony. deeply influenced Confucian tradition most authoritative of expositors

Xunzi (298- 238 bce)

Emphasized Li. Worked as government administrator. No voluntary contributor. Standards with limits on personal interests and harsh punishments. Possible to improve humans. Basic Confucianism.

Daoism

Laozi and the Daodejing


The Dao (the way of nature)


The Doctrine of Wuwei (detach from world affair)


Political implications of Daoism

Laozi and the Daodejing

Laozi (founder sage in 6th cent bce) and Daodejing (basic writ of Daoist beliefs).


Other important works Zhuangzi (named after author) basically Daoist compilations.

The Dao (The way of nature/ the cosmos)

Envisioned Dao as a passive force in negative terms (do nothing accomplish everything).


Live in Harmony, far from politics and administration; live as simple as possible.

The Doctrine of Wuwei

Refrain from advanced education and personal striving. The less government the better. Tiny self-sufficient communities (no desire to trade with neighbor).


Zhuangzi mocked the Confucians for meaningless debates. Live simply in harmony with nature.

Political Implications of Daoism

Counterbalance to Confucian activism. Both encouraged self knowledge expansion. Neither were exclusive faiths; people could engage in government (confucian) and spend time reflecting (daoism)

Legalism

Shang Yang


Han Feizi


Legalist Doctrine



Devoted to state, strengthen and expand at all costs. No ethics or morality. Human principles. Emerged from men involved in political affairs.

Shang Yang (390-338 bce)

Minister to duke of Qin. made "The book of Lord Shang' clever and efficient administration. When Duke fell, enemies at the court killed Shang.

Han Feizi (280-233 bce)

Most systematic Theorist. student of Xunzi. Review legalist ideas and put then into essays. Advisor at Qin court. forceful suicide by poison.

Legalist Doctrine

State's strength from agriculture and military force. Discouraged careers like merchants, scholars, etc. Clear and strict laws. Severe punishment. If people feared small crimes, then they won't commit large crimes. collective response of law. Dispopular but made high results. Ended period of Warring States.

The Unification of China

The Qin Dynasty


The Early Han Dynasty



period of warring states: adopted legalist policies.

Qin Dynasty

The Kingdom of Qin


The First Emperor


The burning on the books


Qin centralization


Standardized Script


Tomb of the First Emperor

The Kingdom of Qin

4th-3rd cent. bce. Qin underwent remarkable development. Shang Yang encouraged cultivators to migrate. He granted them private plots and weakened aristocrats. Qin rulers established centralized bureaucratic rule. Devoted wealth to a powerful army. 3rd cent bce, Qin grew at expense of other chinese states. 1st time China under single state.

The First Emperor (Qin Shihuangdi reign 221-210 bce)

Qin ruled by centralized bureaucracy. Capital at Xianyang. China divided into administrative districts. Entrusted policies to officers. Disarmed regional military. Fortresses.


Built roads (4000 miles). Built defensive walls. Ordered massive barrier precursor to Great Wall China.

The Burning of the Books

Qin ordered execution for critics (Daoists, Confucianists, etc) and to burn all philosophical, literary and ethic books except those with uses (medicine and agriculture). In following year, buried 460 scholars alive, sent some to the military. Some scholars hid copies.

Qin Centralization

initiative in unity. Uniform coinage and legal standards encouraged close society. Roads and bridges encouraged economic integration.

Standardized Script

Before Qin, all regions had different script. Qin mandated use of 1 common script. They all still spoke different languages, but they all had the same written language. Qin was one of the most important figures in Chinese history.

Tomb of the First Emperor (died in 210 bce)

Lavish tomb where he died with slaves and concubines. Had bronze decor and rigged traps. ceiling had a painting of the stars, his realm, and bodies of water. Had an entire life-sized terra cotta army,


. In 207, rebels killed the rest of the gov. officials.

The Early Han Dynasty

Liu Bang


Early Han Policies


The Marital Emperor, Han Wudi (141-87 bce)


Han Centralization


The Confucian Educational System


Han Imperial Expansion


The Xiongnu


Han Expansion into Central Asia

Liu Bang (started ruling in 206 bce)

restored order and named dynasty after homeland. Han dynasty was 400 years, but a break in between (9-23ce) broke dynasty into 2 times, Former Han (206 bce-9 ce) and Later Han(25-220 ce)


Kept imperial centralized rule. emperors ruled from Chang'an.

Early Han Policies

Liu tried to mix Zhou decentralization( encouraged gov. to resist emperor, chaos) and Han centralization (little incentive for imperial family)


gave land to imperial family.


divided empire to admin. districts.


200 bce army almost captured Liu bang, managed to escape w/o family support. From then on, followed strict centralization.

The Marital Emperor Han Wudi (141-87 bce)

Greatest and most energetic emperor. ruled 44 years.


pursued 2 policies: admin. centralization and imperial expansion.

Han Centralization

increase authority of central. gov. relied Legalist principles. built roads, agriculture taxes, monopolies on essential goods.


had serious recruitment problem. No continuous education system for gov. candidates.

The Confucian Educational System

124 bce established imperial university for gov. service. Took basis on confucianism for curriculum. Wudi ensured long term Confucian survival that way. Imperial ideology.

Han Imperial Expansion

pursued foreign policy of imperial expansion. Invaded north Vietnam and Korea. Ruled with chinese style gov. Confucian values followed into those colonies.

The Xiongnu( nomads from Steppe central Asia spoke Turkish)

Great horsemen, basic weapons (archers) but superior mobility. Mounted sudden raids into dynasty. No settled place, they can quickly disperse. Maodun (210-174 bce) most successful leader with vast nomadic federation. stretched from Aral to Yellow sea.


Early Han dynasty attempted to pacify with Xiongnu with tributes and marriage, but failed.

Han Expansion into Central Asia

Han decided to go on offensive. Invaded central Asia and brought Xiongnu under control. Long central Asian corridor almost to Bactria. Trade network linked Eurasia. planted cultivating colonies.

From Economic Prosperity to social disorder

Productivity and Prosperity during former Han


Economic and Social Difficulties



land became concentrated on elites, social tensions weakened. Han ended early 3rd cen.

Productivity and prosperity during former Han

Patriarchal social order


Ban Zhao, woman scholar


Iron metallurgy


Silk textiles


Paper

Patriarchal Social order

Society structure resembled Qin dynasty. average 5 people/home. Some aristocrats lived in large compounds together. Moralists emphasized women subordination.

Ban Zhao, Woman Scholar

Wrote 'Lessons for Women" in 100 ce. about education for both sexes. came from successful literary family. Agreed with Confucian morality on woman virtues. Believed women had to respect men too.

Iron Metallurgy

4th cent. bce. Chinese learned how to cast Iron. Wudi put iron production under state control. They experimented for fine utensils domestic and military use (suits of armors, pots, etc.)

Silk Textiles

Sericulture origin 4th millenium bce. During Han, expanded to most of China. Thrived after long distance trade with western lands(2nd cen. bce)



Chinese silk was especially fine because of advanced techniques. Silk trade lead to intricate network called Silk roads.

Paper ( created by Hans craftsmen)

before paper, they wrote on bamboo and fabrics. around 100 ce they began text fibers into paper, which was cheaper and easier. Preferred writing. Artisans improved technology.

Economic and social differences

Social Tensions


Land distribution


The Reign of Wang Mang



difficulties in former Han period, Military adventures caused economic strains. Wudi raised taxes, took land from the wealthy.

Social Tensions

distinctions hardened in Han. 1st cent. bce., social and economic differences caused serious tensions, peasants in struggle regions made rebellions to gain larger share.

Land Distribution (1st cent. ce. most of land belong to small group of elites)

individual problems forced many small landowners to sell property, forfeit it, or fall into slavery. Large estates increased in size and cheap labor increased (more slaves and tenant farmers). the landless peasants were restive.

The Reign of Wang Mang (socialist emperor)

1st cent. ce, he was a Han minister with a reform program. around 6 ce, a 2yrold baby took throne, Mang worked as his regent.


9 ce, he claimed throne for himself. limited amount of land a family could have. Ordered to break up large estates and redistribute them. give landless people property. Caused confusion and chaos.


Famine and poor harvests caused revolts. in 23 ce, a coalition killed him.

The Later Han dynasty

The yellow turban uprising


Collapse of the han dynasty



2 years, Han returned to power. Capital change to Luoyang.

The yellow Turban Uprising (named by headgear)

later Han didn't address land distribution problem. suffered rebellion by peasants. Turban uprising was serious revolt that weakened the state in 2nd-3rd cent. ce.

Collapse of the Han dynasty

Court factions of different elites (scholars, imperial family ,etc.) relations between the factions were really, bad, sometimes caused war. Early next century, the central government collapsed and for 4 centuries China was divided into regional kingdoms.