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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavior that violates a social norm.
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Deviance
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A mark of social disgrace that sets the deviant apart from the rest of society.
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Stigma
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Social scientists who study criminal behavior.
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Criminologists
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Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society.
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Strain theory
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Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or no longer applicable.
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Anomie
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Explains deviance as a natural occurrence.
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Control theory
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Explains deviance as a learned behavior.
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Cultural transmission theory
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Refers to the frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals.
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Differential association
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People suspend their moral beliefs to commit deviant acts.
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Techniques of neutralization
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Focuses on how individuals come to be identified as deviant.
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Labeling theory
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Nonconformity that goes undetected by those in authority.
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Primary deviance
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Results in the individual being labeled as deviant and accepting the label as true.
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Secondary deviance
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In a public setting, the individual is denounced, found guilty, and given the new identity of deviant.
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Degradation ceremony
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This perspective believes that the three major explanations of deviance are the control theory, cultural transmission theory, and labeling theory.
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Interactionist perspective
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Includes clarifying norms, unifying the group, diffusing tension, promoting social change, and providing jobs.
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Social functions of deviance
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The strain theory is an important part of this perspective.
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Functionalist perspective
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Belief that competition and social inequality lead to deviance; social life is a struggle between the ruling classes and the lower classes.
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Conflict perspective.
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Any act labeled by those in authority that is prohibited by law and punishable by government.
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Crime
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Offenses committed by individuals of high social status in the course of their professional lives.
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White-collar crime
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Large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or business through violence or the threat of violence.
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Crime syndicate
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Most important components are police, courts, and corrections.
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Criminal-justice system
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Power held by police officers to decide who is actually arrested.
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Police discretion
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Practice of assuming that nonwhite Americans are more likely to commit crimes than white Americans.
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Racial profiling
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Process of legal negotiation that allows an accused person to plead guilty to a lesser charge in return for a lighter sentence.
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Plea bargaining
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Sanctions such as imprisonment, parole, probation, and community service used to punish criminals.
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Corrections
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Repeated criminal behavior.
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Recidivism.
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