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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the term for metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules? |
catabolic pathways |
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The molecule that functions as a reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction... |
loses electrons and loses potential energy |
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When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? |
the more electronegative atom is reduced and energy is released |
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C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6 H2O + energy What describes the results of this reaction? |
C6H12O6 is oxidized and O2 is reduced |
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When a glucose molecule loses a H atom as a result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecules becomes... |
oxidized |
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What describes NAD+? |
NAD+ is reduced to NADH during glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle |
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Where does glycolysis take place in eukaryotic cells? |
cytosol |
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The ATP made during glycolysis is generated by what? |
substrate-level phosphorylation |
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The oxybgen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in what process or event? |
accepting electrons at the end of the ETC |
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Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether O2 is present or not? |
glycolysis |
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An electron loses potential energy when it... |
shifts to a more electronegative atom |
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Why are carbohydrates and fats considered high energy foods? |
they have a lot of electrons associated with hydrogen |
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Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what % of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? |
100% |
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During glycolysis when each molecule of glucose is acatabolized to 2 molecules of puruvate most of the potential energy contained in glucose is what? |
Retained in the 2 pyruvates |
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Starting with 1 molecule of glucose, the energy containing products of glycolysis are what? |
2 NADH, 2 puruvate, and 2 ATP |
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In glycolysis for each molecule of glucose oxidized to puruvate... |
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced |
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A molecule that is phosphorylated... |
has an increased chemical potential energy; it is primed to do cellular work |
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Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? |
an agent that closely mimic the structure of glucose but it is not metabolized |
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Why is glycolysis described as having an investment phase and a payoff phase? |
it uses stored ATP and then forms a net increase in ATP |
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How does pyruvate enter the mitochondrion? |
active transport |
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What intermediary metabolite enters the cictric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate? |
acetyl CoA |
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During cellular respiration, acetyl CoA accumulates in which location? |
mitochiondrial matrix |
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How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? |
2 |
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During intense exercise as skeletal muscle go into anaerobiosis the human body will increase its catabolism of what? |
carbohydrates only |
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Where do the catabolic products of fatty acid breakdown enter into the citric acid cycle? |
acetyl CoA |
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What is the purpose ofbeta oxidation in respiration? |
breakdown of fatty acids |
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How did the fat leave her body? |
it was released as CO2 and H2O |
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When skeletal muscle cells are oxygen-deprived, the heart still pumps. What must the heart muscle cells be able to do? |
continue aerobic metabolism when skeletal muscle cannot |
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When an individual is exercising heavily and when the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? |
it is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate |
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One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to what? |
oxidize NADH to NAD+ |
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In alcohol fermentation NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by what? |
reduction of acetaldehyde to ehanol (ethyl alcohol) |
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In prokaryotes, the respiratory ETC is located where? |
in the plasma membrane |
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In liver cells, the inner mitochonrial membranes are about 5x the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose does this serve? |
it increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation |
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What is proton-motive force? |
the force exerted on a proton by a transmembrane proton concentration gradient |
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Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? |
inner membrane |
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The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to what? |
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water |
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In cellular respiration, the energy for most ATP synthesis is supplied by what? |
a proton gradient across a membrane |
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Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? |
mitochondrial inner membrane |
