Chapter 8 - Personality, Stress And Health

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personality

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An individual's unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that persists over tiem and across situations.

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stress

Back 2

A state of psychological tension or strain.

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adjustment

Back 3

Any effort to cope with stress.

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health psychology

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A subfield of psychology concerned with the relationship between psychological factors and physical health and illness.

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psychodynamic theories

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Personality theories contending that behavior results from psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awarness.

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unconscious

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In Freud's theory, all the idea's thoughts, and feelings of which we are not and normally cannot become aware.

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psychoanalysis

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The theory of personality Freud developed, as well as the form of therapy he invented.

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id

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In Freud's theory of personality, the collection of unconscious urges and desires that continually seek expression.

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pleasure principle

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According to Freud, the way in which the id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct.

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ego

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Freud's term for the part of personality that mediates between environmental demads (reality), conscience (superego), and instinctual needs (id); now often used as a synonym for "self".

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reality principle

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According to Freud, the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world.

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superego

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According to Freud, the social and parental standards the individual has internalized.

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libido

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According to Freud, the energy generated by the sexual instinct.

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fixation

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According to Freud, a partial or complete halt at some point in the individual's psychosexual development.

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oral stage

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First stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which the infant's erotic feelings center on the mouth, lips and tongue.

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anal stage

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Second stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which a child's erotic feelings center on the anus and on elimination.

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phallic stage

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Third stage in Freud's theory of personality development, in which erotic feelings center on the genitals.

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Oedipus complex and Electra complex

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According to Freud, a child's sexual attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and jealousy toward the parent of the same sex; generally occurs in the phallic stage.

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latency period

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In freud's theory of personality, a period in which the child appears to have no interest in the other sex; occurs after the phallic stage.

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genital stage

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In Freud's theory of personality development, the final stage of normal adult sexual development, which is usually marked by mature sexuality.

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humanistic peronality theories

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Personality theories that assert the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning.

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actualizing tendency

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According to Rogers, the drive of every organism to fulfill its biological potential and become what it is inherently capable of becoming.

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self actualizing tendency

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According to Rogers, the drive of human beings to fulfill their self-concepts or images they have of themselves.

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fully functioning person

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Accoding to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials.

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unconditional positive regard

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In Rogers's theory, the full acceptance and love of another person regardless of his or her behavior.

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conditional postive regard

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In Rogers's theory, acceptance and love that are dependent on another's behaving in certain ways and on fulfilling certain conditions.

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personality traits

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Dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways.

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factor analysis

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A statistical technique that identifes groups of relaed objects; it was used by Cattell to identify clusters of traits.

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Big Five

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Five basic personality traits currently considered to be the central importance in describing personality.

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cognitive-social learning theories

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Personality theories that view behavior as the product of the interaction of cognitions, learning and past experiences, and the immediate environment.

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expectancies

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In Bandura's view, what a person anticipates in a situation or as a result of behaving in certain ways.

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performance standards

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In Bandura's theory, standards that people develop to rate the adequacy of their own behavior in variety of situations.

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self-efficacy

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According to Bandura, the expectancy that one's effors will be successful.

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locus of control

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According to Rotter, an expectancy about whether reinforcement is under internal or external control.

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objective tests

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Personality tests that are administered and scored in a standard way.

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NEO-PI-R

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An objective personality test designed to assess the Big Five personality traits.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)

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The most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis.

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projective tests

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Personality tests, such as the Rorschach inkblot test, consisting of ambiguous or unstructured material.

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Rorschach test

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A projective test composed of ambiguous inkblots; the way people interpret the blots is thought to reveal aspects of their personality.

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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A projective test composed of ambiguous pictures about which a person is asked to tell a complete story.

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stressor

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Any enviornmental demand that creates a state of tension or threat and requires change or adaptation.

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pressure

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A feeling that one must speed up intensify or change the direction of one's behavior or live up to a higher standard of performance.

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fustration

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The feeling that occurs when a person is prevented from reachign a goal.

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conflict

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Simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunites, needs or goals.

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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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Psychological disorder characterized by episodes of anxiety, sleeplessness and nightmares resulting from some disturbing past event.

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confrontation

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Coping by acknowledging a stressful situation directly and attempting to find a solution to the problem or to attain the difficult goal.

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compromise

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Coping by deciding on a more realistic solution or goal when an ideal solution or goal is not practical.

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withdrawal

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Coping by avoiding a conflict-oriented situation.

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defense mechanisms

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Self-deceptive techniques for reducing stress, including denial, repressions, projection, identification, regression, intellectualization, reaction formation, displacement adn sublimation.

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general adapation syndrome (GAS)

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According to Selye, the three stages the body passes throught as it adapts to stress: alarm reaction, resistance and exhaustion.

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Type A behavior pattern

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A general pattern of behavior characterized by impatience, hostility, competitiveness, urgency and constant striving.

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Type B behavior pattern

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A general pattern of behavior characterized by patience, flexibility and lower intensity of attitudes and competiveness.

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psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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A new field that studies the interaction between stress on teh one hand and immune, endocrine and nervous system activity on the other.

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self-actualization

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Highest level in need of Maslow's hierarchy, which involves the desire for personal growth and fulfillment.