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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Scurvy |
-Vitamin C deficiency disease -Weakness, fatigue, slow wound healing, bone pain, fractures, sore, bleeding gums, diarrhea, and hemorrhages on the skin |
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Rickets |
-Poor mineralization of newly synthesized bones because of low calcium content -Arising in children and infant -Insufficient amounts of the vitamin D hormone in body |
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Cholorsis |
-A form of iron-deficiency anemia -Green skin, weakness, fatigue, and shortness of breath -Also known as hypochromic anemia |
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Micronutrients |
A nutrient needed in milligram or microgram quantities in a diet |
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Megadose |
-Intake of a nutrient beyond estimates of needs to prevent a deficiency or what would be found in a balanced diet -2 to 10 times human needs is a starting point for such a dosage |
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Bioavailability |
The degree to which an ingested nutrient is digested and absorbed and thus is available to the body |
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Tissue Saturation |
The limited storage capacity of water-soluble vitamins in the tissue |
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Water-soluble vitamin absorption and storage |
-After being ingested B vitamins are first broken down from their active coenzyme forms into free vitamins in the stomach and the small intestines -Transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein and distributed throughout the body tissue, resynthesized -Absorbed primarily in the small intestines - 50 to 90 % available to the body |
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Fat-soluble vitamin absorption and storage |
-Absorbed along with dietary fat w/ chylomicrons through the blood stream to reach body cells -Stored mainly in the liver and fatty tissues -40 to 90% of is absorbed if efficent -Any medication or weight-loss drug can interfere with fat absorption |
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Toxins for water-soluble vitamins |
-Excess from the blood and excrete these compounds in urine -Exception; vitamin B-6 and vitamin B-12, which are stored in the liver |
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Toxins for fat-soluble vitamins |
-Not readily excreted from the body -most seen in Vitamin A |
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Mineral |
Elements used in the body to promote chemical reactions and to form body structures |
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Major mineral |
Vital to health, a mineral required in the diet in amounts greater than 100 milligrams per day |
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Trace mineral |
Vital to health, a mineral required in the diet in amounts less than 100 milligrams per day |
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Ultratrace mineral |
A mineral present in the human diet in trace amounts but that has not been shown to be essential to human health |
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Key Major Minerals |
Sodium Potassium Chloride Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium Sulfur |
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Key Trace Minerals |
Iron Zinc Selenium Iodid Copper Fluoride Chromium Manganese Molybdenum |
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Bioavailabity of Minerals |
Affected by age, gender, genetic variables, medication, nutritional status, and diet |
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Phytic acid (phytate) |
A constituent of plant fibers that binds positive ions to its multiple phosphate groups |
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Oxalic acid (oxalate) |
An organic acid found in spinach, rhubarb, and sweet potatoes that can depress the absorption of certain minerals present in the food, such as calcium. |
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Minerals: Toxicities |
-Excessive mineral intake; iron and copper -Nutrient-nutrient interaction -Supplements pose the biggest problem, exceed any upper level |
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Enzyme |
-Catalysts for biochemical reactions -A compound that speeds the rate of a chemical reaction but is not altered by the reaction -Almost all enzymes are proteins -requires a cofactor for biological activity |
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Cofactor |
-A substance (e.g. minerals) that binds to a specific region on a protein, such as an enzyme, is necessary for the protein's function -Inorganic molecules or minerals |
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Coenzymes |
-A compound (e.g. water-soluble vitamin) that combines with an inactive enzyme to form a catalytically active form -Organic molecules or vitamins, B vitamins -Coenzymes aid in the enzyme function |
