Chapter 8: Olfaction, Sleep, Circadian Rhythms

Front 1

finish the path way: anatomical pathway ->

Back 1

tongue -> peripheral nerve -> brainstem -> thalamus -> cortex

Front 2

olfactory epithelium

Back 2

contains the receptors for olfactory receptor cells ( bipolar neurons); sends projections through the cribiform plate -> synapses with mital cells in the olfactory bulb

Front 3

cribiform plate contains

Back 3

cell bodies and dendrites and axons (CN1) pass through here

Front 4

vomeronasal organ

Back 4

perception of phermones, debate as to whether humans possess this

Front 5

dogs have a __ greater surface area for odorants to bind compared to humans and olfactory epithlium is ___ by olfactory receptor cells by a factor of >100x

Back 5

17x; densely innervated

Front 6

anosmia

Back 6

inability to smell

Front 7

ageusia

Back 7

inability to tast

Front 8

dysgeusia

Back 8

abnormal taste perception

Front 9

sleep is not

Back 9

a state of unconsciousness

Front 10

sleep is

Back 10

a different state of consciousness consisting of cyclical rhythms of brain activity

Front 11

special equipment used in sleep labs

Back 11

electroencephalogram (EEG)
electromyogram (EMG)
electrooculogram (EOG)

Front 12

you spend about __ of life asleep

Back 12

1/3

Front 13

beta waves =

Back 13

arousal

Front 14

alpha waves =

Back 14

relaxation

Front 15

stage 1 of sleep has _ waves

Back 15

theta

Front 16

stage 2 of sleep has

Back 16

theta activity, sleep spindles, K complexes

Front 17

stages 3 and 4

Back 17

slow wave sleep. delta waves, sleep inertia

Front 18

REM sleep

Back 18

theta and beta waves

Front 19

activity present during non REM sleep

Back 19

alpha, delta, theta

Front 20

stages of non REM sleep

Back 20

stages 1-4

Front 21

what happens during non-rem sleep

Back 21

light, even respiration, muscle control is present (toss and turn), dreaming ( cold, rational)

Front 22

it is difficult to rouse from that stage

Back 22

stage 4 SWS

Front 23

describe rapid eye movements

Back 23

desynchronized EEG, similar neural activity to stage 1, theta waves, loss of muscle tone, dreaming, memory consolidation

Front 24

chemical control of sleep/ waking

Back 24

neurons use glucose as fuel -> when they run out they look to astrocytes -> astrocytes provide additional glucose by mobilizing glycogen from storage -> produces adenosine ( inhibitory neurmodulator) -> accumulation of adenosine increases delta waves

Front 25

stimulation of ACh neurons causes

Back 25

activation and desynchrony in cerebral cortex and hippocampus; high levels during waking and REM sleep and slow during SWS

Front 26

levels of norepienphrine

Back 26

high during waking
low during SWS
very low during REM sleep
increases vigilance

Front 27

serotonin stimulation causes

Back 27

increased motor behavior and cortical arousal; facilitate ongoing activities by enhancing attention on ongoing activities

Front 28

levels of serotonin

Back 28

high during waking
low during SWS
very low during REM sleeo

Front 29

histamine increase
levels

Back 29

increase cerebral cortex activity, arousal
levels high during waking
low during SWS and REM sleep

Front 30

activation of __ neurons ( pons and basal forbrain) produces behavioral activation and cortical desynchrony

Back 30

ACh

Front 31

ACh __ increase arousal

Back 31

agonists

Front 32

ACh __ decrease arousal

Back 32

antagonists

Front 33

activity of NE neurons in rat locus coeruleus

Back 33

high activity during wakefulness
low activity during sleep
0 activity during REM sleep
LC neurons may play a role in vigilance

Front 34

in the sretonergic system, 5 HT stimulation of the raphe nuclei induces

Back 34

arousal whereas 5 HT antagonists reduce cortical arousal

Front 35

histamine cell bodies are located in

Back 35

tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus ( rostral to the mammillary bodies)

Front 36

histamine axons project to the

Back 36

cerebellar cortex, thalamus, basal ganglia, basal forebrain and hypothalamus

Front 37

histamine cortical projection direct

Back 37

increase of cortical activation and arousal

Front 38

histamine basal forebrain projections are

Back 38

indirect through ACh-ergic neurons there

Front 39

antihistamines cause

Back 39

drowsiness as a side effect

Front 40

the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) is important for

Back 40

the contorl of SWS

Front 41

lesions of the preoptic area produce

Back 41

total insomnia, leading to death

Front 42

electrical stimulation of the preoptic area induces

Back 42

drowsiness in cats

Front 43

the vlPOA contains what type of neurons

Back 43

GABAergic neurons projecting to the tubermammillary n., raphe and locus coerulus; also receives inhibitor input from theses structures

Front 44

vlPOA neurons promote

Back 44

sleep

Front 45

hypocretion is foun in the __ and project to the _

Back 45

lateral hypothalamus; tubermammillary nucleus, the acetly cholinergic neurson in the pons and basal forbrain and the cortex

Front 46

the neurons i the hypocretin (orexin) are __, loss of theses neurons or receptors cause _

Back 46

excitatory ad promote wakefulness; narcolepsy

Front 47

during waking, the REM-OFF region (vlPAG) receives excitatory input from __

Back 47

the orexinergic neurons of the LH and this activation tips the REM flip-flop into the OFF state

Front 48

additional excitatory input to the REM-OFF region is received from which 2 other sets of wakefulness neurons

Back 48

noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus and serotonergic neurons of the raphe nuclei

Front 49

REM-ON neuron = which part of the brain

Back 49

sublateradorsal nucleus of pons

Front 50

REM OFF neurons = which part of the brain

Back 50

ventrolateral periaqueductal gray

Front 51

recuperation theories of sleep

Back 51

sleep is needed to restore homeostasis
wakefulness causes a deviation from homeostasis

Front 52

adaption theories of sleep

Back 52

sleep is the result of an internal timing mechanism
sleep evolved to protect us from the dangers of the night

Front 53

sleep depreivation leads to

Back 53

not restoration of body
decreased cognitive ability
reduced concentration
perceptual delusions, hallucinations

Front 54

sleep deprivation in animals

Back 54

stop grooming
weak
uncoordinated
inability to regulate body temp
increased food intake - still lose weight
death

Front 55

prolonged sleep deprivations leads to

Back 55

micronaps ( 2-3s periods of sleep)

Front 56

fatal familial insomia

Back 56

inherited progressive insomnia
attention/ memory deficits
dreamlike, confused state
loss of control of ANS and endocrine systmes
chronic insomnia leads to death

Front 57

slow wave sleep is a _ period

Back 57

recovery

Front 58

in SWS areas of brain that worked hard have theses types of waves

Back 58

high levels of delta waves, lower levels of metabolic activity

Front 59

___ is cleared away during Slow wave sleep

Back 59

buildup of free radicals

Front 60

during _ is the consolidation of long term declarative ( explicit) memories

Back 60

slow wave sleep

Front 61

during __ is the consolidation of non declarative ( implicit ) memory

Back 61

REM

Front 62

slow wave sleep has memories that can be

Back 62

recalled, ex, relationships and events

Front 63

REM has memories that

Back 63

are gained through experience and practice; driving, face recognition

Front 64

detrimental effects of again on quality of sleep

Back 64

fragmented, increased wake time, educed delta wave activity, decreased sensitivity to adenosine

Front 65

insomnia

Back 65

defined as less sleep than normal for a respective indiviudal

Front 66

sleep apnea

Back 66

falling asleep and stopping breathing

Front 67

narcolepsy symptons

Back 67

sleep attack, cataplexy, sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep sequence disruption

Front 68

cause of narcolepsy

Back 68

brain abnormalities that disrupt control over sleep and arousal

Front 69

treatments of narcolepsy

Back 69

stimulants, antidepressants, modafinil

Front 70

REM sleep behavior disorder

Back 70

acting out dreams during REM sleep, neurodegenerative disorder with some genetic component, sometimes brain damage, treated with benzodiazepines, hypnogogic hallucinations

Front 71

slow wave sleep disorders

Back 71

bedwetting, sleep walking, night terrors, sleep related eating disorder

Front 72

circadian rhythm

Back 72

a daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

Front 73

zeitgebers

Back 73

a stimulus that resets the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms

Front 74

the suprechiasmatic mucleus (SCN) is located within

Back 74

the hypothalamus
contains a bioligcal clock responsible for organizing many of the body's circadian rhythms

Front 75

Lesions of the SCN eliminate

Back 75

all circadian rhythms, including sleep/ wake, feeding

Front 76

melanopsin

Back 76

a photopigment present in ganglion cells in the retina whose axons transmit info to the SCN, the thalamus and olivary pretectal nuclei

Front 77

inputs of the suprachiamatic nucleus

Back 77

melaopsin containing ganglion cells of the retina

Front 78

outputs of the subprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 78

subventricular son of hypothalamus
dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus
vlPOA and lateral hypothalamus
inhibits vlPOA
excites orexin - producing neurons of lateral hypothalamus

Front 79

damage of the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Back 79

leads to fragmented sleep/ activity patterns, likely serve as clock of the brain, transplantation

Front 80

hypothesis on the nature of clock cells

Back 80

the clock cells produced a protein that upon reaching a critical level, inhibited its own productions