Chapter 8 Nervous System Part 1

Front 1

choroid

Back 1

vascular coat

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cephalo

Back 2

head

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ferre

Back 3

carry

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ganglio

Back 4

knot

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glia

Back 5

glue

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hypo

Back 6

below

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meninx

Back 7

membrane

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pia

Back 8

delicate

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plexus

Back 9

network

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syn

Back 10

together

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function of nervous sytem

Back 11

senses changes in internal and external environment
integrates/processes info rec'd from sensory affernet
reponds to stiminuli w/vol-invol resonses via organ systems

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division of nervous system

Back 12

central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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central nervous system

Back 13

control center
brain and spinal cord
processes sensory info and issues commands

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peripheral nervous syste

Back 14

links cns with body
cranial nerves spinal nerves, ganglia

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cranial nerves

Back 15

originate in brain carrying signals to and form the brain

Hint 15

PNS

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spinal nerves

Back 16

connected to spinal cord
carrying signals to and from the spinal cord

Hint 16

PNS

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ganglia

Back 17

clustered cell bodies of neurons outside the CNS

Hint 17

PNS

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Divisions of PNS

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Afferent Division

Efferent (moton) Division

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Afferent Division

Back 19

of PNS
carries sensory info from receptors to CNS

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Efferent Division

Back 20

of PNS (motor division
carries motor commands from CNS to muscles and glands

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Somatic Sensory Receptors

Back 21

transmits info from outside with sensory receptors and propioception to CNS

Hint 21

PNS
Afferent Divison

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Visceral Sensory Receptors

Back 22

transmits info from organ systems to CNS

Hint 22

PNS
Afferent Division

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Efferent Motor Division

Back 23

carries motor commands from CNS to muscles and glands
Somatic and Autonomic

Hint 23

PNS
Efferent

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Somatic Nervous System

Back 24

Controls skeletal muscle contractions (voluntary)

Hint 24

PNS
Efferent

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Autonomic Nervous System

Back 25

Controls smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands (involuntary)
Sympathetic and parasympthetic

Hint 25

PNS
Efferent

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Sympathetic divison

Back 26

Allows body to respond to stress by increasing acitivity

Hint 26

PNS
Efferent
Autonomic

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Parasympathetic division

Back 27

Opposes the sympathetic div and allows for energy conservation
rest and repose

Hint 27

PNS
Efferent
Autonomic

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Neural Tissue

Back 28

nerve cells (nuerons)
neuroglia (glial cells)

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Neurons-structure

Back 29

Dentrites
Soma (cell body)
Axons

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Dentrites

Back 30

Branched structures
recieve incoming info (sigals)

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Cell Body (soma)

Back 31

contains large nucleus
contains many mitchocondria and RER that give cystoplasm a grainy apprearance

Hint 31

neuron

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Axon

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A long tube-like structure that may branch resulting in more than one synaptic terminal

Hint 32

neuron

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synaptic terminal

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site where the neuron can communicate with another neuron or cell

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neuron

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classification of neurons based on structure

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Multipolar
unipolar
bipolar

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multipolar neuron

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two or more dendtries and a single axon
most common type in CNS

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unipolar neuron

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cell body lies off to the side while dendtrite and axon are aligned in one continuous line
a

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biplar neuron

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two extensions from a cell body one a dendtrite and the other an axon

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all motor neurons

Back 38

are multipolar neurons

Hint 38

motor neurons are CNS somatic

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most sensory neurons of PNS

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are unipolar neurons

Hint 39

special sense are afferent but are they somatic??

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found in special sense organs

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bipolar neurons

Hint 40

special sense so they are afferent somatic??

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Sensory neurons

Back 41

afferent division of PNS
receive info from sensory receptors that detect chgs in environment (external and internal)

Hint 41

PNS
Afferent division

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Somatic sensory receptors

Back 42

External receptors that dedect changes in surrounding environment such as touch or smell and Proprioceptors detect hanges in body postion and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

Hint 42

PNS
Afferent division

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visceral sensory receptors

Back 43

detect changes in organ systems and to provide information

Hint 43

PNS
Afferent division

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motor neurons

Back 44

part of the efferent division of PNS
sends info (commands) from CNS to tissues and organs (effectors)
somatic and visceral motor neurons

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somatic motor neurons

Back 45

Neurons of the (SNS) that innervate skeletal muscle (effectors)

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visceral motor neurons

Back 46

neurons of the ANS that innervate all other tissues and organs incl. cardiac and smooth muscle.

Hint 46

effector?

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Interneurons

Back 47

located within the brain and spinal cord
connect neurons to one another
distribute sensory info; coordinate motor activity

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Neuroglia

Back 48

located in the CNS and PNS and provie structure and support for neurons

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four types of neuoglial cells in CNS

Back 49

Astrocytes
Oligodentrocytes
MIcroglia
Ependymal

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Two types of neuroglial cells in PNS

Back 50

Schwann Cells
satellite cells

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Astrocytes

Back 51

largest and most numerous of glial cells
helps maintain blood-brain barrier

Hint 51

CNS

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Oligondendrocytes

Back 52

myelnating glial cells
one oligodenocyte mylenates several differnent axons
several olig to myelenate on axon

Hint 52

CNS

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mylenating cells

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cytoplasmic extensions wrap around axons, forming myelin sheath that insulate the axon

Hint 53

CNS

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Internodes

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segments of myelnatied cell

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microglia

Back 55

phagocytic glial cells

remove waste and foreign microogansisms

Hint 55

CNS

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Ependymal Cells

Back 56

produces cerebrospoinal fluid CSF. have cilia to help move CSF and CNS

Hint 56

CNS

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CNS) is found

Back 57

lines the central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.

Hint 57

CNS

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satellite cells

Back 58

neuroglial cells to provde support for neurons in PNS

Hint 58

PNS

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Schwann Cells

Back 59

myelinate every axon in the PNS
one schwann cell myelinates only one segment of of one axon
many schwann cells needed to myelinate one axons

Hint 59

PNS

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motor neurons

Back 60

need to be myelinated

Hint 60

PNS

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White Matter

Back 61

areas in CNS containing large numbers of myelinated axons

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Gray matter

Back 62

areas in CNS containing large numbers of neuron cell bodies, glial cells, and unmyelinated axons

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Ganglia

Back 63

a group of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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Center

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a group of neuron cells bodies with a common function in the CNS

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Nucleus

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A center with a defined boundary in the CNS

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Nerves

Back 66

Bundles of sensory and or motor axons in the PNS
example trigerminal nerves (N V)

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tracts

Back 67

bundles of axons in white matter in the CNS
ie: olfactory; optic

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Neural Cortex

Back 68

(cerebral; visual)
part of the brain covered by a thick layer of grey matter.

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Structure of a Chemical Synapse

Back 69

the axon of one neuron and the dentrite of another meet

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presynaptic neuron

Back 70

the part of a neuron that has the synaptic terminal containing NT stores in secretory vesicles. Axon-transmits info

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postsynaptic neuron

Back 71

the part of the other neuron that has the receptors for the NT. Dendtrites - receives message

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synaptic cleft

Back 72

the small space between the presynaptic neuron and the post synaptic neuron.

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Neurotransmitters

Back 73

molecules synthesized by neurons, released into the synaptic cleft in response to an AP, and transmit a chem msg by affecting the membrane potential of the Post synaptic neuron

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Acetylcholine (ACh)

Back 74

Synthesized and secreted by cholinergic neurons
stimulate skeletal muscle contraction; recognized and bound by ACh receptors.

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Norepinephrine (NE)

Back 75

synthesized and secreted b adrenergic neurons
increasing heart rate
recognized and bound by adrenergic receptors

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gated-ion channels

Back 76

closed or open
classified based onthe mechanisim of activiation or type of ion that passes through:
voltage-gated or ligand gated

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voltage gated ion channel

Back 77

ion channels activated by an action potential such as Ca2+, Na+, and K+ channels found along the axon

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Ligand-gated channel

Back 78

ion channels activated by ligands (NT) such as ACh, and is a receptor-mediated process

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Na+ channels and K+ channels

Back 79

these channels are specific to either sodium or potassium and affect the membrane potential along the axon of the neuron

Front 80

Ca2+ channels

Back 80

are specific to calcium and are associated with NT release from the synaptic terminal.