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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Handel
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-oratorio, The Messiah, which was first performed in 1741
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Bach
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-great church musician and composer in the 1720s
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Wesley
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-created Methodism
-helped to arouse the Great Awakening of the 1740s -had tried to stay with the Church of England and just reform it |
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Mesmer
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-Austrian physician
-created a stir in Paris by arranging seances where people were touched by a wand, or sat in tubs, to receive "animal magnetism" in hoping to cure illnesses -mesmerism was an early stage in discovery of hypnosis |
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Emilie du Chatelet
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-french writer who translated Newton and esplained the significance of the new theories in her scientific essays
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Madanle de Geoffrin
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-in a period of 25 years beiginning in about 1750 organized conversations of artists and writers at dinner, sometimes hoped them financially, and introduced them to persons of influesnce in high society or government in her salon
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Helvetius
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-wrote books On the Mind and On Man but also gave grand entertainments at which such matters were discussed such as censorship
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Voltaire
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-1694-1778
-his writing at first consisted of epigrams, tragedies in verse, and an epic, however later in life he turned to philosophical questions -writings filled over 70 volumes -Candide, Philosophical Dictionary |
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Rousseau
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-1712-1778
-thought a good person in society could not be happy so he attacked society saying it was corrupt -also attacked reason -wrote 2 discourses Arts and Sciences and Origin of Inequality Among Men -social contract |
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Montesquieu
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-1689-1755
-The Spirit of Laws -separationa and balance of powers |
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Quesnay
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-physician to Louis XV
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Smith
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-Wealth of nations, helped flourish economic thinking
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Condorcet
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-French mathematician and philosopher known for his work on the mathematical theory of probability and for his philosophical study Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind
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Mesmerism
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-early stage in the discovery of hypnosis
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Freemasonry
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-helped bring different ppl of social classes together for self improvement of themselves and others
-held enlightenment views |
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Illuminati
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-enlightened ones
-offshoot of freemasons whos were known to be dangerous |
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The Spirit of Laws
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-presented tow ideas
-one was that forms of government varied according to climate and circumstances -separation of powers -Montesquieu |
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the General Will
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-idea presesnted in the social contract
-all individuals surrendered their natural liberty to each other, fused their individual wills into this -true sovereign power -not necesarily determined by majority but by the common interest between ppl |
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separation of powers
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-seperating functions of judiciary, legislature, and executive powers
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Physiocrats
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-like philosophes
-"economists" -often close to the government as admisistrators or advisors |
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the idea of progress
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-whole idea throughout enlightenment
-included technology, reason, and reforming religious practices and ideas |
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Louis XV
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-enlightened despotism had least success with this person
-indifferent to most serious questions |
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Frederick the Great
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-wrote memoirs, histories, rehabilitating his shattered country, promoting agriculture and industr, replenishing his treasury, drilling his army, and assimilating his huge conquest of Silesia
-under his reign society remained somewhat segregated |
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Maria Theresa
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-her reign helped set the course for for the developement of the austrian empire
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Joseph II
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--ruled in Austria
-absolute equality of taxation -equal punishment for crimes no matter the class -"revolutionary emperor" |
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Turgot
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-French economist. Appointed controller general under Louis XVI (1774), he was dismissed (1776) after proposing reforms that were unpopular with the aristocracy
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enlightened despotism
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-an acceleration of the old centralizing instituion of monarchy
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Maupeou parlements
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-judges had no property rights in their seats but became salaried officials appointed by the crown with assurances of secure tenure
-wanted to make laws and judicial procedure more uniform throughout france |
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Apres moi Ie deluge
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-Louis attitude to conditions in france
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taille
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-land tax paid by peasants
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Catherine the Great
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-german born
-ended up becoming one of the greatest empresses in Russian History -was very intelligent and wanted to incorporate enlightenment reforms into her rule |
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Pugachev
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-former soldier who headed the peasant rebellion called Pugachev's rebellion
-announce that he was Peter III and that they needed to overthrow Catherine the Great |
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Potemkin
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-lover and advisor of Catherine the great
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Potemkin village
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-towns were called this that were thought of as bogus prosperity, were founded by Potemkin
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Don Cossack
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-was a frontier military organization from the end of the sixteenth until the early twentieth century.
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Odessa
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-a seaport in S Ukraine, on the Black Sea
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Kosciusko
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-1794, led a more revolutionary political movement which included even a proposed abolition of serfdom
-crushed when Russian and Prussian armies again invaded Poland |
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Jacobins
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-the revolutionaries in france
-Poland afraid that the polish reformers were following their lead |
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Gibbon
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-english historian
-moderate in in political views |
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Hume
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-scottish philosopher
-moderate in political views |
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Wilkes
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-a journalist and member of parliament who vehemently attacked the policies of King George III
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Hastings
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-first british governor general in india
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Burke
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-spokesman for the whig leaders
-was againts annual parliament, wider and more equal or even universal male suffrage -against most of the other reformers ideas |
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Age of Democratic Revolutions
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-time after enlightenment when many countries began revolting and fighting for democratic govts.
-french and am. revolution |
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Highlanders
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-revolted in france with french assistance during the jacobite rising of 1745
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Jacobite revolution
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-series of uprisings by rebel groups in Ireland, scotland and England
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parliamentary sovereignty
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-established in 1689, was now, after the middle of the 18th century, being applied to reigns where it had heretofore had little effect
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Thomas Paine
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-wrote common sense
-etested english for their injustices -involved in french revolution |
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George Washington
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commanding general of american troops
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Thomas Jefferson
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-part of continental congress
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Quebec Act
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-provided a government for the newly conquered canadian french, ranting them security in their french civil law and catholic religion and laying foundations for what the British empire that was to come
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Stamp Act
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-taxed all uses of paper, as in newpapers and commercial and legal documents. the payment of a fee that was certified by the affixing of a stamp
-aroused violent resistence |
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Common Sense
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-written by thomas paine
-said independence of the amerian colonies with the cause of liberty for all humankind -said freedom against tyrrany -how should a continent be controlled by an island |
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Continental Congresses
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-drafted theoretical and historical reasons for America's sepparation from Britian
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Declaration of Independence
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-document declaring America's free from Britian
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battle of Saratoga
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-winning this battle guaranteed frances' invovlvement against england
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